Question

please answer questions 6-9

Later that afternoon, preliminary culture results from 17 ill students became available. The specimens, collected primarily from the emergency room at Hospital A on March 10, did not identify Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Vibrio, Listeria, Yersinia, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Bacillus cerns, or Staphylococcus aures. Some specimens were positive for fecal leukocytes and fecal occult blood. Question 6 How might you interpret the bacterial culture results? What questions do these results raiso? DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND HYPOTHESIS GENERATION By March 12, seventy-five persons with vomiting or diarrhea had been reported to TDH. All were students who lived on the university campus. No cases were identified among university faculty or staff or from the local community. Except for one case, the dates of illness onset were March 9-12. (Figure 1) The median age of patients was 19 years (range: 18-22 years), 69% were freshman, and 62% were female. Figure 1. Onset of gastroenteritis among students, University X, Texas, March 1998. (N-72) (Date of onset was not known for three ill students.) Question 7: What type of epidemic curve does the data represent? Question 8: What type of epidemic event does the data suggest? N Number of Cases The campus dining service includes two cafeterias managed by the same company and about half a dozen fast food establishments; about 2,000 students belong to the university meal plan which is limited to persons living on Date of Onse March campus. Most on-campus students dine at the main cafeteria which serves hot entrees, as well as items from the grill, deli bar, and a salad bar. A second smaller cafeteria on campus offers menu selections with a per item cost and is also accessible to meal plan members. In contrast to the main cafeteria, the smaller cafeteria tends to be used by students who live off campus and university staff. The smaller cafeteria also offers hot entrees, grilled foods, and a salad bar, but has no deli bar. Spring break is to begin on March 13 at which time all dining services will cease until March 23. Although many students will leave town during the break, it is anticipated that about a quarter of those living on campus will remain The TDH discovered the students were from five different residential halls and all reported eating most of their mcals at the university's main cafeteria. During the past week, all but one student had eaten food from the deli bar; two had eaten food from the salad bar, and three from the grill. Seven-day food histories revealed no particular food item that was common to all or most of the students Question 9: What is your hypothesis?

Answer 1

Answers 6. Bacterial culture media it. - Bacteria are a carge group of one called organism They can live on different places in the boely. Some type of bacteria are harmless or even bacter beneficial. other can cause infection and disease - A Bacteria culture rest can help find harmfull bacteria in your body. - Doring a bacteria culture test a sample will be taken your blood, win, skin or other part of your budy. The type of sample crepenel on the location of the suspected infection. - the cell in your sample will be taken to a lab anes put in special environment in a lub to encourage call growth & Result are often available within a few days. But some type of bacteria grow slowly and It may tuke serviral days of longer. Gen voine sample - for UTI (usinary tract infections sputum culture & for Preumonia, bronchitis Blood custwie - for presence of bacteria or tunes stool cutture for food poison woynet culture - for bwin injuries

Bacteria resut raise it - your sample ques'nt contain though cell of your health care provider to detect an infection. So your Sample will be sent to be lab to allow the cell to grow If there is infection, the infected cell will multiply. - Most disease caused bacteria will grow enough to be seen within one to two days. but It can take some organism five days of longer, Answer of lg Types of Epidemic curve it and data event 1. Point source cent break it - Involve comman sowice such as contaminated food or an infected food holder handler. – All the exposure tend to accure in a relatively brief period. - Consequently period point sowilt out break tend to have epidemic curve with a rapid increase in case followed by a somewhat slower decline. . All the cases tend to fall of ithin one Theubation period. & the grap above from a hepatitis outbreak is an example of a poin source epidemia

case each day . 25 27 29 1 3 5 7 4 11 12 14 18 Date April 2014 2. continous comman sources Epidemic is e may also risk to peak and they fall, but the cases do not all accure within the span of a Singre incubation period, This implies that there is an ongoing source of contamination. The clown slope of the curre may be very sharp if the comman source is remove or graduat if break the outbreak is allowed to exhaust itself. Cholera case Date onset 140 Handle removed September 8 cases do 3 16 25 28 31 3 6 16 9 22 Agust g 12 s september

Answer is g. Hypothesis is A hypothesis is a tentative, testable answer to a Scientific question. once a scientific age has a scientific question she is intrested in the scientist read up to find out what is already non known on the topic & then she wes that information to form a tentative answer to her scientific question sometime people refers to the tantetive answer os & an educated guesse Keep in mind Through, that the hypothesis also has a to be restable since the next step is to do an experimeup to determine whether or not hypothesis is right Examples :- Question Hypothesis prediction. targer animay of the does the same How if 9 let a 70 pont species expenof more energy pounet dog size of a dog and o I then smaller animes of afrect how much poune dog eat as The food it ears? same type, To get much food as they the energy their bodies want than the 70 pound need the larger animas dog will eat more eat more food. them 30 pound dog