Question

Define terms Explain concept or process bacteremia, septicemia, viremia, toxemia, acute disease, chronic disease, subacute disease, latent disease, local infection, focal infection, systemic infection, primary infection, secondary infection, mycolic acids, M-proteins, Endospores, ribosomes, isolation, quarantine, osmosis, plasmolysis, hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic, capsule; fimbrae; pili; flagella; axial filaments; Explain the clinical significance of the plasma membrane • Explain the clinical significance of DNA and plasmids Explain the clinical significance of the ribosomes Explain the clinical significance of Endospores Explain herd Immunity Explain the differences in cell wall structures of Gram egative, Gram positive and bacteria with mycolic acids (new) Communicable vs contagious diseases . . Compare and contrast . Apply your knowledge • Explain Koch's postulates to an unknown pathogen to be able to determine the etiology of disease What are the challenges associated with isolation and quarantine measures? Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Helicobacter pylori, Salmonella typhi (and the story of Mary Mallon). Mycobacterium tuberculosis (mycolic acids, 12-hour generation time), Explain these organisms

Answer 1

Bacteremia – it is the condition of present of bacteria in the blood.

Septicemia - It is also known as blood poisoning. It occurs when a bacterial infection elsewhere in the body, such as the lungs, Kidney enters the bloodstream.

Viremia- The presence of virus in the blood.

Toxemia- it is the condition of blood poisoning by toxin from local bacterial infection.

Acute disease - It lasts for a short period of time, comes on rapidly, and is accompanied by distinct symptoms.

Chronic disease- It is the disease which last for long time like coughing.

Subacute disease – It is the condition between acute and chronic.

Latent disease – it is the disease that remain hidden inactive or dormant.

Local infection- It is an infection that affects only one body part or organ.

Focal infection- It is a bacterial infection localized in a specific part of the body, such as the tonsils, that may spread to another part of the body.

Syctemic infection- It is opposite to local infection means affecting the entire body, rather than a single organ or body part.

Primary infection- A primary infection is the first time you are exposed to and infected by a pathogen.

Secondary infection- It is an infection that occurs during or after treatment for another infection.

Mycolic acid- This are long fatty acids found in the cell walls of the Mycolata taxon, a group of bacteria that includes Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of the disease tuberculosis.

M protein – It is a virulence factor that can be produced by certain species of Streptococcus.

Endospore – Bacteria produces endospores in unfavorable condition. An endospore is a dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure.

Ribosome – It is a particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells.

Isolation – Keeping patient in isolation so that he can’t affect other normal human being. It is used to separate ill persons who have a communicable disease from those who are healthy.

Quarantine - It is used to separate and restrict the movement of well persons who may have been exposed to a communicable disease to see if they become ill.

Osmosis- Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration to lower solute concentration, that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.

Plasmolysis – It is the contraction of protoplast of a plant cell due to the loss of water.

Hypertonic – It is the solution with higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid.

Isotonic- It refers to two solutions having the same osmotic pressure across a semipermeable membrane.

Capsule - Outer protective cover of bacteria.

Fimbriea- It is an appendage that can be found on many Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria, that is thinner and shorter than a flagellum.

Pili- These are small hairs that enable some bacteria to attach and adhere easily to cell surface particularly mucous membrane.

Flagilla - It is a long, whip-like structure that helps some single celled organisms like bacteria to move.

Axial filament - Axial filaments run lengthwise between the bacterial inner membrane and outer membrane in periplasmic space.