Question

• Fed State: explain in each organ changes in metabolism pathway ( CHO, Portions, Fats) with their enzymes • Liver • Adipose Tissue • Brain • Skeletal Muscle • Heart Muscle • Kindney

Answer 1

FED STATE CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM: LIVER Glucose from GUT Uptake to liver via GLUT - 2 Phosphorylation by glucokinase Glucose - 6-phosphate formation PPP pathway Activation of PDH complex NADPH generation Glycogen synthesis Acetyl COA → Facilitates FA synthesis

FED STATE LIPID METABOLISM: LIVER Chylomicron remnants * Glycolysis Glycerol Acetyl COA Pyruvate Fatty acids Glycerol TAG To adipose tissue – VLDL

FED STATE PROTEIN METABOLISM: LIVER Amino acids from GUT Acetyl CoA TCA cycle Pyruvate BCAAs are transferred to muscle Protein synthesis To replenish the proteins, that have been used during postabsorptive state

FED STATE CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM: ADIPOSE Glucose from GUT Influx of Glucose to adipocytes via GLUT-4 Phosphorylation by glucokinase Glucose - 6-phosphate formation Activation of PDH complex Glycerol PPP pathway NADPH generation Acetyl COA ► Facilitates FA synthesis

FED STATE LIPID METABOLISM: ADIPOSE Chlylomicrons (From GUT) VLDL (From Liver) Lipoprotein lipase Fatty acid Acetyl CoA Chylomicron remnants TAG Stored in Adipocytes

FED STATE CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM: MUSCLE Glucose from GUT Uptake to muscle via GLUT - 4 Phosphorylation by hexokinase Glucose - 6 - phosphate formation Activation of PDH complex Glycogen synthesis Acetyl CoA → TCA cycle and energy generation

FED STATE PROTEIN METABOLISM: MUSCLE Amino acids from GUT Transfer to muscle for protein synthesis BCAAs are transferred to muscle Energy production and protein synthesis

FED STATE METABOLISM: BRAIN Glucose from GUT Uptake to brain via GLUT - 1 Glucose - 6 - phosphate Pyruvate Acetyl COA TCA cycle

• Allosterically regulated: 1. PFK-1 2. Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase (Gluconeogenesis) • Covalent modification: 1. Glycogen synthase 2. PFK-2 domain 3. Pyruvate Kinase 4. Acetyl CoA carboxylase 5. HSL 6. Glycogen phosphorylase (Glycogenolysis) • Induction and repression: 1. Acetyl CoA carboxylase 2. Fatty acid synthase 3. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Gluconeogenesis)