Question

Glucose Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA Glycolysis Pyruvate Oxidation Bifunctional Dehydrogenase Ethanol The diagram above represents processes needed for ethanol production in C. besci. For each numbered blank in the diagram, write the number and the molecule that the blank represents. Then answer the following questions. The glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenasse reaction in the previous question takes place in glycolysis. Write a concise and coherent explanation of why that reaction is needed to produce ethanol in C. bescii. Your answer must integrate the following. • A definition of an oxidation-reduction reaction and an explanation of why NAD+ is required for the redox reaction seen in the previous question (question 7). • References to the diagram above and an explanation of why the reaction in the previous question (question 7) is needed to support ethanol production by the bifunctional dehydrogenase. • An explanation of why the catabolic process of glycolysis is required for the synthesis of ethanol.

Answer 1

1). NAD⁺ → NADH

2).CO₂

3). Pi → CoA

4). ADP → ATP

• Redox reactions are an essential part of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. They are also called oxidation-reduction reactions. In this type of reaction, one reactant delivers or transfers completely or partially one or more than one electrons to the recipient. The donor molecule is the losing reactant or considered as oxidized and the recipient is considered as reduced. These reactions are necessary for the production of energy. NAD⁺ is an oxidizing agent that gains or accepts the electrons from other donor molecules and becomes reduced.
• Ethanol is an essential goal for the renewable formation of liquid carrying fuels. It can be synthesized biologically from the pyruvate, through pyruvate decarboxylase, or the acetyl‐CoA, by the alcohol dehydrogenase E (AdhE) enzyme. The thermophilic bacteria use this AdhE, which acts as a bifunctional enzyme that comprises of both alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehydrogenase activities.
• Ethanol is synthesized in the absence of oxygen via the fermentation process. In this process, glucose is broken down into ethanol by the action of fermentation enzymes. The breakdown of the glucose molecules occurs via the glycolysis process which is an essential part of the production of ethanol.