Homework Answers
Viruses continuously change and evolve due to genetic selection and mutation. They undergo frequent mutations through recombination and exchange of genetic information to create a novel virus strain. RNA viruses have higher mutation rates than compared to DNA viruses. The DNA viruses have a low mutation rate because the replication enzyme DNA Polymerase has proofreading activity whereas in the case of RNA viruses the replication enzymes do not have a proofreading activity. These mutations can be deleterious, neutral or can even be beneficial. All the mutations that occur in the virus are not beneficial as few mutations also interfere with the essential functions of virus-like attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication, and assembly. only those mutation which does not interfere with the basic functioning of the virus persist in the virus population whereas the other mutations are eliminated via natural selection.
The high rate of mutation can lead to repetitive infection as random mutations in a virus can develop antiviral resistance and the creation of novel antigenic determinants.
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Q1. Why do viruses have a high rate of mutation? Are all mutations that arise in...
5. (2 pts) The mutation supply rate: A. is the rate at which new beneficial mutations...
5. (2 pts) The mutation supply rate: A. is the rate at which new beneficial mutations arise in a population B. is constant and does not evolve C. indicates the rate at which new genetic variation arises in a population D. is higher in smaller populations . 6. (2 pts) If a bacterial cell is competent, it means that A. it is able to withstand exposure to several different antibiotics and is difficult to kill. B. the bacterium expresses a...
#5 detergent All of the above. QUESTION 5 Which mutations do you think have the greatest...
#5
detergent All of the above. QUESTION 5 Which mutations do you think have the greatest consequences and why? Point mutations, because they only involve one letter. Frameshift mutations, because they mess up everything after the point of mutation Silent mutations, because they are more difficult to catch. All mutations are equal in their effects/consequences QUESTION 6 How is information to make proteins passed on through generations? Through RNA Through other proteins Through DNA None of the above Sau Sulit...
please answer thank you! Questions: 1. List the components that all types of viruses have in...
please answer thank you!
Questions: 1. List the components that all types of viruses have in common. Then describe the function of each component. (Short answer-2 points- 1 for a complete and correct list of components and 1 for correctly assigning the function for each component. 2. Viruses are living things that function entirely on their own (True/False)- 1 point. 3. List 2 different ways that a virus can gain access to the body of the host (Short answer-1 point)...
part of it is I also have to explain why all the options that are incorrect...
part of it is I also have to explain why all the options that are
incorrect are incorrect
W A Strands, and it has a fued mutation rate. Question 4 1 pts In a strain of bacteria, a mutation changes the sequence of repeat 2 in the CRISPR gene (see figurel. How will this affect bacterial immunity? • This is an analysis question because you have to break the CRISPR-Cas system into its component pleces to understand how a mutation...
1. Factors that contribute to the mutation rate of any gene include: Choose all correct. A....
1. Factors that contribute to the mutation rate of any gene include: Choose all correct. A. The size of the gene B.The protein the gene will give rise to after translation C.The nucleotide sequence (DNA or mRNA) D.Spontaneous chemical changes E. The location of the gene on the chromosome (What is the correct answer) 2.Trinucleotides are really just: A. A codon that will be read and converted into a single amino acid in a protein sequence B.A piece of DNA...
INTRODUCTION New mutations that arise on the X chromosome can have different likelihoods of becoming fixed...
INTRODUCTION
New mutations that arise on the X chromosome can have different
likelihoods of becoming fixed in the population than their
autosomal counterparts. This differential likelihood arises because
the effect of a recessive mutation on an autosome is only expressed
in homozygotes, whereas the effect of a similar recessive mutation
that arises on the X chromosome in a male is fully expressed. Thus,
advantageous recessive mutations are more likely to become fixed if
they are on the X chromosome than...
How do interspecies viruses mutate into potential pandemics? Please choose the statement which is wrong. The...
How do interspecies viruses mutate into potential pandemics? Please choose the statement which is wrong. The human environment is like a bat environment, so it did not take long for the virus to jump species. Interspecies viruses acquire mutations to adapt to aspects of several species, which can be a deadly combination for another species’ immune system. When the virus is carried about the world through both humans and animals, it is harder to stop the spread. In the challenges...
2. Explain how and why this form of genetic change occurs to influenza within a host....
2. Explain how and why this form of genetic change occurs to influenza within a host. (Hint: is it due to reassortment between two Influenza viruses OR mutations?). Please be thorough in your response. You may draw it out if it helps. (2pts) 3. Recently, flu vaccines for 2017-2018 included protection against H3N2. What does H3 and N2 represent? Please spell them out for full credit AND explain why 3 and 2 stands for. You may need to refer back...
Thank you angels its an example problem 4.2 Binomial distribution The genome of the HIV-1 virus,...
Thank you angels its an example problem
4.2 Binomial distribution The genome of the HIV-1 virus, like any genome, is a string of "letters" (basepai an "alphabet"containing only four letters. The message for HIV is rather rs) in short, just 101 letters in all. Because any of the letters can mutat choices, there's a total of 30 000 possible distinct one-letter mutations. e to any of the three other In 1995, A. Perelson and D. Ho found that every day...
1. The 1952 experiment performed by the Lederbergs in which they replica-plated ten million colonies of...
1. The 1952 experiment performed by the Lederbergs in which they replica-plated ten million colonies of TI-phage sensitive E. coli to plates containing high concentrations of TI phase and found a small number of phage-resistant colonies showed that: A) a selecting agent can affect mutation rate in E. coli. B) mutations can arise spontaneously before exposure to the selecting agent. C) mutations in E. coli occur at a relatively high frequency, D) the mutation rate in E. coli fluctuates greatly...
#5
detergent All of the above. QUESTION 5 Which mutations do you think have the greatest consequences and why? Point mutations, because they only involve one letter. Frameshift mutations, because they mess up everything after the point of mutation Silent mutations, because they are more difficult to catch. All mutations are equal in their effects/consequences QUESTION 6 How is information to make proteins passed on through generations? Through RNA Through other proteins Through DNA None of the above Sau Sulit...
please answer thank you!
Questions: 1. List the components that all types of viruses have in common. Then describe the function of each component. (Short answer-2 points- 1 for a complete and correct list of components and 1 for correctly assigning the function for each component. 2. Viruses are living things that function entirely on their own (True/False)- 1 point. 3. List 2 different ways that a virus can gain access to the body of the host (Short answer-1 point)...
part of it is I also have to explain why all the options that are
incorrect are incorrect
W A Strands, and it has a fued mutation rate. Question 4 1 pts In a strain of bacteria, a mutation changes the sequence of repeat 2 in the CRISPR gene (see figurel. How will this affect bacterial immunity? • This is an analysis question because you have to break the CRISPR-Cas system into its component pleces to understand how a mutation...
INTRODUCTION
New mutations that arise on the X chromosome can have different
likelihoods of becoming fixed in the population than their
autosomal counterparts. This differential likelihood arises because
the effect of a recessive mutation on an autosome is only expressed
in homozygotes, whereas the effect of a similar recessive mutation
that arises on the X chromosome in a male is fully expressed. Thus,
advantageous recessive mutations are more likely to become fixed if
they are on the X chromosome than...
2. Explain how and why this form of genetic change occurs to influenza within a host. (Hint: is it due to reassortment between two Influenza viruses OR mutations?). Please be thorough in your response. You may draw it out if it helps. (2pts) 3. Recently, flu vaccines for 2017-2018 included protection against H3N2. What does H3 and N2 represent? Please spell them out for full credit AND explain why 3 and 2 stands for. You may need to refer back...
Thank you angels its an example problem
4.2 Binomial distribution The genome of the HIV-1 virus, like any genome, is a string of "letters" (basepai an "alphabet"containing only four letters. The message for HIV is rather rs) in short, just 101 letters in all. Because any of the letters can mutat choices, there's a total of 30 000 possible distinct one-letter mutations. e to any of the three other In 1995, A. Perelson and D. Ho found that every day...
1. The 1952 experiment performed by the Lederbergs in which they replica-plated ten million colonies of TI-phage sensitive E. coli to plates containing high concentrations of TI phase and found a small number of phage-resistant colonies showed that: A) a selecting agent can affect mutation rate in E. coli. B) mutations can arise spontaneously before exposure to the selecting agent. C) mutations in E. coli occur at a relatively high frequency, D) the mutation rate in E. coli fluctuates greatly...
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