Question

1. Excess alcohol metabolism produces what toxin that damages the liver? and Draw the toxin reacting with an amino acid.

2. When an enzymatic substrate is at relatively high concentration what reaction order does the substrate get processed by?

Answer 1

1.Answer: Toxins which are produced due to excess alcoholism includes mainly Acetaldehyde and free radicals.It is highly toxic even at low concentrations.In higher concentrations,acetaldehyde accumulates in the body,which acts as a reason to release histamines which causes inflammation of liver.It results in adduct formation which leads to impairment of proteins functions,enzymes and also DNA damage which leads to mutagenesis. so further liver damage takes place in a series of steps and finally death if not treated.

HHH H-6-6-6 HH Ethanol NAD+ Zinc Stomach Lining *Class Class II, III Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH) Liver NADH H Toxic Hangovers HO H-C-C HH Alcohol Flush Response Acetaldehyde Blood NAD+ aka "Asian Flush Syndrome" Due to a deficiency of ALDH-2 Increased acetaldehyde induces catecholamine release Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) NADH H Acetate Acetyl-CoA Synthetase → Hcs-COA -90% Ethanol Metabolism Acyl-CoA Synthase 2 Acetyl COA

2 Answer: When enzymatic substrate is at high concentrations,the substrate exhibits first order reaction since the concentration of substrate depends on the enzyme activity and their concentration.