Question

cell will be transmitted to future generations. A mutation in an) a. heart b. liver c. kidney d. egg c. lung A pedigree analysis allows geneticists to a. study the rate of replication b. study the history of certain genetic disorders within a family c. compare the phenotypes of different genetic disorders d. compare the causes for certain disorders c. study the rate of transcription All mutations are harmful. a. True b. False

Answer 1

Q: A mutation in _____ cell will be transmitted to future generations.

Ans: Egg

Explanation: Mutation occurs in egg carry to next or future generation. The egg is the germ cell because it carries chromosomes which are half in a number of somatic cells, and thus germ cell ready to fuse with the germ cell of the opposite sex, then form the gamete. This gamate contain pair of chromosomes from two different individuals. If the alteration in gene occurs in germ cell known as germinal mutation. Then the formation of gamete from this germ cell, then mutation is carried by the germ cell to the next generation or future generation, after the successfully mating of the individual.

Somatic cell mutation or body cell mutation doesn't carry or passes to the next generation or future generation. This type of mutation only affects the tissue or organ derived from this mutated cell.

  

GERM-LINE MUTATIONS SOMATIC MUTATIONS Parental Gametes Germ-line mutation Embryo Somatic mutation Organism Patch of affected area Entire organism carries the mutation OOO Half of gametes carry mutation Gametes of Offspring None of gametes carry mutation

Q: A pedigree analysis allows geneticists to _____.

Ans: Study the history of certain genetic disorders within a family

Explanation: Pedigree analysis is the study of the history of certain genetic disorders within family. These processes allow the construction of a family tree with different interpretations and information regarding disease in each individual. Standardized symbols (see in the figure below) are used by geneticists in the tree and include any past or present status of disease within the family. The relative who has the risk of inheriting any disorder is identified by pedigree analysis. The particular disease trait run in the family is identified and also gives the probability of a particular disease or disorder occurs in their child or not.
It is very quick and less time taking method for the interpretation of trait or inherent disease.
The drawing of pedigree used specific symbols and formatting.

PEDIGREE SYMBOLS = male = female = sex unknown = two males = two females = lived one day IIII = proband male = proband female = stillbirth = deceased male deceased female = miscarriage = affected male = affected female P = pregnancy HO= marriage = affected by history affected by history (female) = examined male = examined female consanguineous marriage = carrier = extramarital mating D = fratermal twins = fraternal twins = divorce or separation = fraternal twins #0 = O = no children identical twins (male) C = no children @) = adoplo male O d = identical twins (female) = identical twins adopted male = adopted female

Q: All mutations are harmful?

Ans: False

Explanation: No, most of the mutations are neutral. The change in the sequence of As, Gs, Ts, and Cs in DNA as compared to parent DNA indicates mutation. Most often such changes are neutral due to the reason regulations of coding for the protein. Moreover, Functions of protein does not get affected by the mutation of coding DNA. The reason is that the functions of these proteins depend upon the shape of proteins and mutation might change or affect the shape of it. When DNA has copied the change in base pair will form production of the same amino acid. This is what we call neutral mutation. There is one type of mutation called a beneficial mutation in which change in the characteristic is observed to happen for evolution according to environmental conditions and are passed to its offsprings. Examples of such mutations in humans are increasing bone density, Tetrachromatic vision, etc.  This type of beneficial mutations are very unique and rare and happen over millions of year. Harmful mutations change the characteristics against the environmental condition and make the parent kill without harming its offsprings. This type of mutation is also very rare and causes genetic disorders. Examples are cystic fibrosis in humans.