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Animal Development Explain the role of fertilization in the process of axis formation in amphibians.
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As the embryo forms, its overall body pattern is determined by the establishment of three clear axes—the anterior-posterior axis (head-tail), the dorsal-ventral (back-belly) axis, and left-right asymmetry. Anterior-posterior axis develops from the animal vegetal axis which originates during oogenesis. Dorsal ventral axis is established after fertilization just before the first cleavage. Yolk protein accumulates in the vegetal half and cortical cytoplasm of animal half accumulates dark pigment.

If eggs are rotated toward the end of the first cell cycle so that the future ventral side is upward, two Nieuwkoop centres are formed, leading to two dorsal blastopore lips and two embryonic axes. Therefore, the specification of the dorsal-ventral axis begins at the moment of sperm entry.

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