Question #05: CV Integration and the Respiratory System The
question for this week is as follows: Select a position on the
question “how good an athlete is the horse”. Do you think the
respiratory limitations of this specie (e.g. pulmonary
hypertension, exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage or EIPH) are
expression of physiological compensation for a fit athlete, or are
they manifestation of a system being “run down to the ground in a
very stressed athlete”? Your answer must follow the outline shown
in the introduction (sub-questions a, b, c, d, see above). Please
notice that in this question both the structure and the function
you are asked to select must be related to the EIPH syndrome. Hint:
think on “the circle”.
a) Name the structure and the function on which your overall answer
will be based? Be as specific as you can in delimiting the
boundaries of your example (the most important part of your answer,
since the following b, c, & d sub-questions are based on your
answer to this first sub-question, a). Please notice that only 1
item is required (in your answer it should be labeled as “a”). This
answer should look like: “a.- My structure (S) is …. and its
function (F) is …”. In same cases a second sentence might be
needed. b) Why do you think that your structure and your function
are related? Support your contention based on 3 lines of evidence
based on the chemistry, physics, anatomy, or physiology involved in
your example. Please notice that 3 items are required (answers
should be labeled as “b1, b2, and b3”). One of this answers might
look like: “b1.- If I do this experiment and measure this variable
using this technique, this result will suggest that my S/F is
correct”. Please notice that MY question does not ask you to tell
me what happens since this can be copy from any source, but it
asked how do you know that your S/F relationship is true. c) Which
are the levels of organization involved in your example (c1)? Cite
events occurring at its main level of organization (c2) and
indicate how they relate to the whole body level (c3). Please
notice that 3 items are required (thus, answers should be labeled
as “c1, c2, and c3”). These answers should look as follows: “c1.-
molecular” or any level of organization involved in your “a” answer
(S/F); “c2.- the first event is; the next even is; the middle event
is; the next event is; the last event is”. Five events distributed
equidistant from each other is a good summary for the story line of
the your S/F named in your “a” answer. Finally, “c3.- at a whole
individual level my S/F described in “a” plays this role”. d) Which
are the main feedback mechanisms involved in your example (cite at
least two) (d1)? Expand on one of them (d2) and name 2 absolute
requirement for that feedback to work (d3). Please notice that 3
items are required (answers should be labeled as “d1, d2, and d3”).
These answers should look as follows: “d1.- an increase in this
negative feedback ligand must decrease this variable under
control”. This is how you NAME a negative feedback. For d1 you need
to name two negative feedbacks; “d2.- the first event is; the next
even is; the middle event is; the next event is; the last event
is”. Five events distributed equidistant from each other is a good
summary for the most important negative feedback story line
involved as a control of the your S/F named in your “a” answer,
that you named in d1; “d3.- this two components are absolutely
necessary for the negative feedback described in d2 to be
operational.
Ans.) Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) is the occurrence of blood in the airways of the lung in association with exercise. It is commonly found in horses undergoing intense exercise, but nowadays it has also been reported in human athletes. Horses that experience EIPH are alluded to as "bleeders" on the grounds that in a little extent of practicing steeds, there is sufficient discharge to bring about seeping from the nose
EIPH has been described and found in a variety of race steed breeds including hustling Thoroughbreds (both level dashing and steeplechasing or hop dashing), American Quarter Horses (frequency of 50-75%), Standardbreds (occurrence of 40-60%), Arabians, and Appaloosas. EIPH has additionally been found in eventers, jumpers, polo horses, perseverance stallions, draft steeds that draw intensely and stallions partaking in Western speed occasions, for example, reining, cutting and barrel dashing. EIPH is currently thought to be an inescapable outcome of direct to extraordinary practice in stallions and other athletic creatures. The most reduced forces of practice which have been accounted for to bring about EIPH are extreme jogging (40-60% maximal oxygen take-up and loping at velocities of 16–19 miles for every hour (26–31 km/h).
Clinical signs related to EIPH are poor athletic performance, dull hair coat, regular swallowing and coughing in the instant post-exercise recovery period and week appetite etc.
It is found that nearly 40 to 70% of horses have been sufferinf from this and blood is found in their the trachea. EIPH has been connected with constant small airway inflammation in airways, multiplication of subpleural, peribronchial and connective tissue fibrosis and alveolar septal disturbance in the dorsocaudal lung projections.
It has been studied that bleeding is the consequence of expanded pressure in aspiratory veins as the heart endeavors to pump 450-500 liters of blood for each moment amid maximal effort. Aspiratory venous weight can goes as high as 90-100 mm of mercury, which is more than the thin-walled vessels in the lung can tolerate. At similar time the negative pressure created by wind stream of 60-70 liters/second through every nostril makes negative aviation route weights of less 40-60 cm of water. The weight distinction between the vasculature and airways causes hairlike push disappointment with break and extravasations of blood into the aviation route, predominately in the dorsal caudal lung projections.
Question #05: CV Integration and the Respiratory System The question for this week is as follows:...
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