Question

Question #05: CV Integration and the Respiratory System The question for this week is as follows: Select a position on the question “how good an athlete is the horse”. Do you think the respiratory limitations of this specie (e.g. pulmonary hypertension, exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage or EIPH) are expression of physiological compensation for a fit athlete, or are they manifestation of a system being “run down to the ground in a very stressed athlete”? Your answer must follow the outline shown in the introduction (sub-questions a, b, c, d, see above). Please notice that in this question both the structure and the function you are asked to select must be related to the EIPH syndrome. Hint: think on “the circle”.
a) Name the structure and the function on which your overall answer will be based? Be as specific as you can in delimiting the boundaries of your example (the most important part of your answer, since the following b, c, & d sub-questions are based on your answer to this first sub-question, a). Please notice that only 1 item is required (in your answer it should be labeled as “a”). This answer should look like: “a.- My structure (S) is …. and its function (F) is …”. In same cases a second sentence might be needed. b) Why do you think that your structure and your function are related? Support your contention based on 3 lines of evidence based on the chemistry, physics, anatomy, or physiology involved in your example. Please notice that 3 items are required (answers should be labeled as “b1, b2, and b3”). One of this answers might look like: “b1.- If I do this experiment and measure this variable using this technique, this result will suggest that my S/F is correct”. Please notice that MY question does not ask you to tell me what happens since this can be copy from any source, but it asked how do you know that your S/F relationship is true. c) Which are the levels of organization involved in your example (c1)? Cite events occurring at its main level of organization (c2) and indicate how they relate to the whole body level (c3). Please notice that 3 items are required (thus, answers should be labeled as “c1, c2, and c3”). These answers should look as follows: “c1.- molecular” or any level of organization involved in your “a” answer (S/F); “c2.- the first event is; the next even is; the middle event is; the next event is; the last event is”. Five events distributed equidistant from each other is a good summary for the story line of the your S/F named in your “a” answer. Finally, “c3.- at a whole individual level my S/F described in “a” plays this role”. d) Which are the main feedback mechanisms involved in your example (cite at least two) (d1)? Expand on one of them (d2) and name 2 absolute requirement for that feedback to work (d3). Please notice that 3 items are required (answers should be labeled as “d1, d2, and d3”). These answers should look as follows: “d1.- an increase in this negative feedback ligand must decrease this variable under control”. This is how you NAME a negative feedback. For d1 you need to name two negative feedbacks; “d2.- the first event is; the next even is; the middle event is; the next event is; the last event is”. Five events distributed equidistant from each other is a good summary for the most important negative feedback story line involved as a control of the your S/F named in your “a” answer, that you named in d1; “d3.- this two components are absolutely necessary for the negative feedback described in d2 to be operational.

Answer 1

Ans.) Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) is the occurrence of blood in the airways of the lung in association with exercise. It is commonly found in horses undergoing intense exercise, but nowadays it has also been reported in human athletes. Horses that experience EIPH are alluded to as "bleeders" on the grounds that in a little extent of practicing steeds, there is sufficient discharge to bring about seeping from the nose

EIPH has been described and found in a variety of race steed breeds including hustling Thoroughbreds (both level dashing and steeplechasing or hop dashing), American Quarter Horses (frequency of 50-75%), Standardbreds (occurrence of 40-60%), Arabians, and Appaloosas. EIPH has additionally been found in eventers, jumpers, polo horses, perseverance stallions, draft steeds that draw intensely and stallions partaking in Western speed occasions, for example, reining, cutting and barrel dashing. EIPH is currently thought to be an inescapable outcome of direct to extraordinary practice in stallions and other athletic creatures. The most reduced forces of practice which have been accounted for to bring about EIPH are extreme jogging (40-60% maximal oxygen take-up and loping at velocities of 16–19 miles for every hour (26–31 km/h).

Clinical signs related to EIPH are poor athletic performance, dull hair coat, regular swallowing and coughing in the instant post-exercise recovery period and week appetite etc.

It is found that nearly 40 to 70% of horses have been sufferinf from this and blood is found in their the trachea. EIPH has been connected with constant small airway inflammation in airways, multiplication of subpleural, peribronchial and connective tissue fibrosis and alveolar septal disturbance in the dorsocaudal lung projections.

It has been studied that bleeding is the consequence of expanded pressure in aspiratory veins as the heart endeavors to pump 450-500 liters of blood for each moment amid maximal effort. Aspiratory venous weight can goes as high as 90-100 mm of mercury, which is more than the thin-walled vessels in the lung can tolerate. At similar time the negative pressure created by wind stream of 60-70 liters/second through every nostril makes negative aviation route weights of less 40-60 cm of water. The weight distinction between the vasculature and airways causes hairlike push disappointment with break and extravasations of blood into the aviation route, predominately in the dorsal caudal lung projections.