identify all enzymes and their reactions which are affected by [NAD+]/[NADH] levels. Identify the reaction by...
identify all enzymes and their reactions which are affected by [NAD+]/[NADH] levels. Identify the reaction by the name of the enzyme and whether the enzyme, and therefore its reaction, is stimulated or inhibited by a low [NAD+]/[NADH] ratio.
Homework Answers
1. G-3-P + NAD+ + Pi ----------> 1,3-BPG + NADH
This reaction is catalyzed by G-3-P dehydrogenase
2. Pyruvate + NADH -----> Ethyl alcohol + NAD+ + CO2
This reaction is catalyzed by Alcohol dehydrogenase
3. Pyruvate + NADH -----> Lactate + NAD+
This reaction is catalyzed by Lactate dehydrogenase
4. Pyruvate + CoASH + NAD+ -----> Acetyl CoA + NAD+ +
CO2
This reaction is catalyzed by Pyruvate dehydrogenase
5. Isocitate + NAD+ -----> Alpha-ketoglutarate + NAD+ +
CO2
This reaction is catalyzed by Isocitrate dehydrogenase
6. Alpha-ketoglutarate + NAD+ -----> Succinate + NAD+ +
CO2
This reaction is catalyzed by Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
7. Malate + NAD+ -----> Oxaloacetate + NAD+
This reaction is catalyzed by Malate dehydrogenase
All the reactions in which NADH is the substrate, the reaction
is favored by high levels of NADH.
All the reactions in which NAD+ is the substrate, the reaction is
favored by high levels of NAD+.
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identify all enzymes and their reactions which are affected by
[NAD+]/[NADH] levels. Identify the reaction by...
Given the roles of NAD+ NADH in oxidation reactions and NADPH- NADP+ reduction reactions, discuss which...
Given the roles of NAD+ NADH in oxidation reactions and NADPH- NADP+ reduction reactions, discuss which cofactor is more commonly used in catabolic pathways and which one is in anabolic pathways? What do you expect the intracellular ratios of NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH to be high or low under homeostasis? Explain your answers. Explain the benefits of the Q cycle comparing to direct transfer of electrons from QH2 to two cytochrome c Distinguish substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. Provide specific examples...
no explaination is needed 28) Which of the following is true for all exergonic reactions? A)...
no explaination is needed
28) Which of the following is true for all exergonic reactions? A) The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy B) The products have more total energy than the reactants. C) A net input of energy from the surroundings is required for the reactions to proceed. D) The reactions are nonspontaneous 29) When ATP releases some energy, it also releases Inorganic phosphate. What purpose does this serve (if any) in the cell? A) It...
1. 2. 3. 4. Select all that apply. Identify the reaction(s) of glycolysis inhibited by ATP □ glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate → 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate phosphoenolpyruvate +pyruvate 3-phosphoglycerate...
1.
2.
3.
4.
Select all that apply. Identify the reaction(s) of glycolysis inhibited by ATP □ glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate → 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate phosphoenolpyruvate +pyruvate 3-phosphoglycerate ~2-phosphoglycerate 1) fructose-6-phosphate→ fructose-1,6-bisphosphate . glucose glucose-6-phosphate Select all that apply. Alcohol fermentation: consumes ATP as it produces ethanol. O produces carbon dioxide begins as pyruvate is decarboxylated to acetaldehyde in a reaction catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase m regenerates NAD requires the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase, In the figure below, what is the reaction occurring at the location...
Which of the following statements are false regarding NAD+ and NADH? 1.) in a typical biological...
Which of the following statements are false regarding NAD+ and NADH? 1.) in a typical biological oxidation reaction, hydride from alcohol is transferred to NADH giving NAD+. 2.) these are commonly called pyridine nucleotides 3.) they dissociate from the enzyme after the reaction 4.) none of the answers are correct
NAD+ -dependent Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + Dehydrogenase from Thermoproteus tenax. 1. Name the three enzymes that catalyze irreversible,...
NAD+ -dependent Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + Dehydrogenase from Thermoproteus tenax. 1. Name the three enzymes that catalyze irreversible, regulated reactions in glycolysis as studied in class. 2. What is the significance of the GAPDH reaction in E. coli to glycolysis? 3. How does the reaction catalyzed by GAPDH from T. tenax presented here differ from the reaction carried out in E. coli? 4. The activity of the GAPDH enzyme was assayed in the presence of a constant amount of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and an...
De Novo lipogenesis ______ directly by the citrate shuttle, which increases the cytosolic levels of _______...
De Novo lipogenesis ______ directly by the citrate shuttle, which increases the cytosolic levels of _______ and _______. The citrate shuttle is "filled" by the anaplerotic carboxylation of pyruvate from the parallel oxidation of ______. Answer options: (1) acetyl-CoA (9) glucose (2) ADP (10) malonyl-CoA (3) AMP (11) NAD + (4) ATP (12) NADH (5) CO2 (13) NADP + (6) coenzyme A (14) NADPH (7) FADH2 (15) is inhibited / reduced (8) fatty acids (16) are stimulated / increased
1. In the electron transport chain of mitochondria, the overall oxidation/reduction reaction is: NADH+H* + 1202...
1. In the electron transport chain of mitochondria, the overall oxidation/reduction reaction is: NADH+H* + 1202 NAD + H2O In chloroplasts, what is the overall oxidation reduction that occurs in the light reactions? 2. In one sentence, explain how the very energetically-unfavorable reaction you have written takes place. IIIB. (8 pts) In chloroplasts, 3 phosphoglycerate is primarily produced in the following pathway. Identify any missing factors, and name all the enzymes. 0 0PO32- CH,OPO,2- CO + CO2 HOH HC OH...
1 point Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential cofactor for many metabolic reactions. Lack of...
1 point Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential cofactor for many metabolic reactions. Lack of the precursor to NAD+, niacin, results in the human disease called pellagra, thus humans have evolved salvage pathways to breakdown and re-synthesize NAD+ when needed. Below is the chemical structure of NAD+. Enzymes catalyze reactions in parts of the protein called an active site. This portion of the protein forms favorable weak interactions with the substrate and stabilize the transition state, which is crucial...
What reactions demonstrate reduction? Select all that apply FAD+ + 2H + 2e-→FADH2 O2→O2- Fe+2→Fe+3 NADH→NAD+...
What reactions demonstrate reduction? Select all that apply FAD+ + 2H + 2e-→FADH2 O2→O2- Fe+2→Fe+3 NADH→NAD+ + e- + H
Draw all reactions in the citric Acip cycle that involves the production of NADH. Include structures...
Draw all reactions in the citric Acip cycle that involves the production of NADH. Include structures of Reactants, products their names the name of the eneymes, whether the reaction is reversible lirreversible and any cofactors involved. why is the production of NAOH important?
Given the roles of NAD+ NADH in oxidation reactions and NADPH- NADP+ reduction reactions, discuss which cofactor is more commonly used in catabolic pathways and which one is in anabolic pathways? What do you expect the intracellular ratios of NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH to be high or low under homeostasis? Explain your answers. Explain the benefits of the Q cycle comparing to direct transfer of electrons from QH2 to two cytochrome c Distinguish substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. Provide specific examples...
no explaination is needed
28) Which of the following is true for all exergonic reactions? A) The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy B) The products have more total energy than the reactants. C) A net input of energy from the surroundings is required for the reactions to proceed. D) The reactions are nonspontaneous 29) When ATP releases some energy, it also releases Inorganic phosphate. What purpose does this serve (if any) in the cell? A) It...
1.
2.
3.
4.
Select all that apply. Identify the reaction(s) of glycolysis inhibited by ATP □ glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate → 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate phosphoenolpyruvate +pyruvate 3-phosphoglycerate ~2-phosphoglycerate 1) fructose-6-phosphate→ fructose-1,6-bisphosphate . glucose glucose-6-phosphate Select all that apply. Alcohol fermentation: consumes ATP as it produces ethanol. O produces carbon dioxide begins as pyruvate is decarboxylated to acetaldehyde in a reaction catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase m regenerates NAD requires the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase, In the figure below, what is the reaction occurring at the location...
1. In the electron transport chain of mitochondria, the overall oxidation/reduction reaction is: NADH+H* + 1202 NAD + H2O In chloroplasts, what is the overall oxidation reduction that occurs in the light reactions? 2. In one sentence, explain how the very energetically-unfavorable reaction you have written takes place. IIIB. (8 pts) In chloroplasts, 3 phosphoglycerate is primarily produced in the following pathway. Identify any missing factors, and name all the enzymes. 0 0PO32- CH,OPO,2- CO + CO2 HOH HC OH...
1 point Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential cofactor for many metabolic reactions. Lack of the precursor to NAD+, niacin, results in the human disease called pellagra, thus humans have evolved salvage pathways to breakdown and re-synthesize NAD+ when needed. Below is the chemical structure of NAD+. Enzymes catalyze reactions in parts of the protein called an active site. This portion of the protein forms favorable weak interactions with the substrate and stabilize the transition state, which is crucial...
Draw all reactions in the citric Acip cycle that involves the production of NADH. Include structures of Reactants, products their names the name of the eneymes, whether the reaction is reversible lirreversible and any cofactors involved. why is the production of NAOH important?
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