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• Discuss the clinical manifestation of malaria and its impact on woman and child health (300- 500 words )

Answer 1

Ans- Malaria is a febrile illness with a wide range of clinical manifestations, from flu like symptoms that may remain undiagnosed to severe malaria with seizures, coma and multiple organ failure.
Most of the clinical manifestations are due to individual immunity response that is triggered mainly by the erythrocytic phase of the plasmodium life cycle and the merozoites release in the blood stream (parasitaemia).
Malaria may mimic other diseases and the symptoms may be a typical, fact that, in endemic countries can lead to differential diagnosis dilemmas, while in non endemic countries may confuse the clinicians that are not familiar with the disease.
Malaria disease can be categorized as uncomplicated or severe (complicated).
Uncomplicated malaria
Definition: symptomatic malaria without signs of severity or evidence of vital organ dysfunction.

The manifestations of uncomplicated disease are the following:

• Fever
• Chills
• Headache
• Dizziness
• Back pain
• Myalgia, joint and bone pains
• Cough, chest pain
• Weakness, prostration
• Gastrointestinal disturbances (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea )

Severe (complicated) malaria

Definition: “the presence, in a patient with falciparum malaria, of clinical manifestations such as:

• Hyperpyrexia
• Dehydration
• Hypotension
• Hypoglycaemia
• Severe anaemia
• Haemoblobinuria
• Coma

Malaria impact on woman and child health is-

a pregnant woman’s risk of infection increases due to changes in her hormone levels and immune system. First-time mothers are especially vulnerable. Pregnant women suffering from malaria are at increased risk of anemia and miscarriage, and their babies are at risk of stillbirth, prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation, and low birth weight. In high transmission areas, partial immunity to the disease is acquired during childhood. In such settings, the majority of malarial disease, and particularly severe disease with rapid progression to death, occurs in young children without acquired immunity. Severe anaemia, hypoglycemia and cerebral malaria are features of severe malaria more commonly seen in children than in adults.