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Q1: Describe the etiology, pathology and clinical manifestation of Iron Deficiency Anemia.
Q2: Define stroke. Discuss the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke.

Answer 1

Ans) 1) Iron deficiency anemia:

- Iron deficiency anemia is caused by a shortage of iron in your body. Bone marrow needs iron to make hemoglobin. Without adequate iron, your body can't produce enough hemoglobin for red blood cells. Without iron supplementation, this type of anemia occurs in many pregnant women.

Pathology: Iron is essential for the production of hemoglobin. The depletion of iron stores may result from blood loss, decreased intake, impaired absorption, or increased demand. Iron deficiency will lead to microcytic hypochromic anemia on the peripheral blood smear.

Clinical manifestation:

Iron deficiency anemia signs and symptoms may include:

Extreme fatigue
Weakness
Pale skin
Chest pain, fast heartbeat or shortness of breath
Headache, dizziness or lightheadedness
Cold hands and feet
Inflammation or soreness of your tongue
Brittle nails
Unusual cravings for non-nutritive substances, such as ice, dirt or starch
Poor appetite, especially in infants and children with iron deficiency anemia.

2) Definition of Stroke
Stroke: The sudden death of brain cells due to lack of oxygen, caused by blockage of blood flow or rupture of an artery to the brain. Sudden loss of speech, weakness, or paralysis of one side of the body can be symptoms. Abbreviated CVA. Also known as cerebrovascular accident.

- A hemorrhagic stroke happens when a weak blood vessel bursts and bleeds into the brain. People who experience this type of stroke, in addition to other stroke symptoms, will likely experience a sudden onset headache or head pain — a warning sign that might not occur during ischemic stroke.

- Pathophysiology:

Ischemic stroke:

• The underlying cause of a TIA often is a buildup of cholesterol-containing fatty deposits called plaques (atherosclerosis) in an artery or one of its branches that supplies oxygen and nutrients to your brain.

• Plaques can decrease the blood flow through an artery or lead to the development of a clot.

Hemorrhagic stroke:

• It’s caused by a weakened vessel that ruptures and bleeds into the surrounding brain. The blood accumulates and compresses the surrounding brain tissue.

• The two types of hemorrhagic strokes are intracerebral (within the brain) hemorrhage or subarachnoid hemorrhage.

• A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a weakened blood vessel ruptures. Two types of weakened blood vessels usually cause hemorrhagic stroke: aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations (AVMs).