Question

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Q1: Discuss the etiology and pathophysiology of hypertension.
Q2: Define arrhythmia. Discuss the etiology and pathophysiology of i) bradycardia, ii) tachycardia.

Answer 1

1. Causes of hypertension are :-

*AGE- About age 45 in men, and about age 65 in women

*RACE- More common among African-Americans

*FAMILY HISTORY

*BEING OVERWEIGHT OR OBESE

*NOT BEING PHYSICALLY ACTIVE

*USING TOBACCO

*TOO MUCH SALT IN YOUR DIET

*TOO LITTLE POTASSIUM IN YOUR DIET

*TOO LITTLE VITAMIN D IN YOUR DIET

*ALCOHOL ABUSE

*STRESS

Pathophysiology :-

Pathogenesis of essential hypertension Genetic influences + Environmental factors Defects in renal sodium hemostasis Functional vasoconstriction Defects in vascular smooth m/s growth and structure Inadequate Naexcretion Salt & water retention hormone 1 Plasma & ECF volume Vascular reactivity Vascular wall thickness Cardiac output (auto-regulation) 1 Total peripheral resistance Hypertension

2. Arrhythmia - any rhythm that is not normal sinus rhythm with normal atrioventricular (AV) conduction.

Pathophysiology of bradycardia -

Venous return Left ventricular filling Sympathetic tone Vigorous ventricular contraction in underfilled chamber Mechanoreceptor C fibre discharge CNS Vasodilatation Bradycardia

Pathophysiology of tachycardia -

Rigid, scarred pericardium encircles heart: Systolic contraction normal Inhibits diastolic filling of both ventricles sv Tvenous pressures co systemic pulmonary congestion rales Hypotension/shock Reflex tachycardia 1 JVP hepatomegaly ascites peripheral edema