Question

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Q1: Discuss the etiology and pathophysiology of hypertension.
Q2: Define arrhythmia. Discuss the etiology and pathophysiology of i) bradycardia, ii) tachycardia.

Answer 1

1.Etiology of hypertension:

• Non modifiable risk factors like age is one of the etiology factors for hypertension.
• By drink so much alcohol and smoking also cause the hypertension to the individual.
• Don't do regular exercise is also causative factors for hypertension.
• Junk foods and too much of salt intake also cause hypertension.

Pathophysiology of hypertension:

• When impaired Renal function,
• inappropriate activation of hormones that involves in the regulation of salt and water excretion from the kidney and
• excessive activation of the sympathetic nervous system
• Finally cause impaired in Renal pressure
• And leads to hypertension.

2.Arrhythmia:

• Otherwise we called as a irregular heart beat.
• Heart beats are in irregular and abnormal rhythm.

Etiology of bradycardia:

• Family history,
• Hypothyroidism,
• Substance abuse,
• Hashimotos disease.

Pathophysiology of Bradycardia;

• When decrease in venous return,leads to decrease in left ventricular filling and increase the sympathetic tone,then vigorous ventricular contraction,activate CNS system and produce bradycardia.

Etiology of tachycardia:

• Hypertension.
• Atherosclerosis.
• Heart valve disease.
• Tumors.

Pathophysiology of tachycardia;

When hypovolemic conditions,decrease in cardiac venous return,then baroreceptor unloading and get activated and sympathetic nervous system increase and produce tachycardia.