Question

2. On a separate blank sheet of paper (not lined), create a concept map of “translation”. Be sure to include the following terms: RNA, protein, ribosome, cytoplasm, codon, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, A/P/E positions within the ribosome, anticodon, release factor, start codon, stop codon, small subunit, large subunit.

Please explain me step by step

Answer 1

TRANSLATION:
Translation refers to the process of polymerisation of amino acids to form a polypeptide/ or the process of transformation of an RNA strand into a protein strand.The order and sequence of amino acids are defined by the sequence of bases in the mRNA.

• The amino acids are joined by a bond which is known as a peptide bond. Formation of a peptide bond requires energy.  in the first phase itself amino acids are activated in the presence of ATP and linked to their cognate tRNA – a process commonly called as charging of tRNA or aminoacylation of tRNA to be more specific.
• If two such charged tRNAs are brought close enough, the formation of peptide bond between them would be favoured energetically. The presence of a catalyst would enhance the rate of peptide bond formation.
• The cellular factory responsible for synthesising proteins is the ribosome, present in the cytoplasm of the cell.
• The ribosome consists of structural RNAs and about 80 different proteins. In its inactive state, it exists as two subunits; a large subunit and a small subunit.
• When the small subunit encounters an mRNA, the process of translation of the mRNA to protein begins. There are two sites in the large subunit, for subsequent amino acids to bind to and thus, be close enough to each other for the formation of a peptide bond.
• 4 binding sites are located on the ribosome, one for mRNA and three for tRNA. The three tRNA sites are labeled P, A, and E.
  • The P site/ peptidyl site, binds to the tRNA holding the growing polypeptide chain of amino acids.
  • A site /acceptor site, binds to the aminoacyl tRNA, which holds the new amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain.
  • E site /exit site, the final transitory step before a tRNA now bereft of its amino acid is let go by the ribosome.
• The ribosome also acts as a catalyst (23S rRNA in bacteria is the enzyme- ribozyme) for the formation of peptide bond.
• A translational unit in mRNA is the sequence of RNA that is flanked by the start codon (AUG) and the stop codon and codes for a polypeptide. An mRNA also has some additional sequences that are not translated and are referred as untranslated regions (UTR). The UTRs are present at both 5 -end (before start codon) and at 3 -end (after stop codon). They are required for efficient translation process.
• For initiation, the ribosome binds to the mRNA at the start codon (AUG) that is recognised only by the initiator tRNA. The ribosome proceeds to the elongation phase of protein synthesis. During this stage, complexes composed of an amino acid linked to tRNA, sequentially bind to the appropriate codon in mRNA by forming complementary base pairs with the tRNA anticodon. The ribosome moves from codon to codon along the mRNA. Amino acids are added one by one, translated into Polypeptide sequences dictated by DNA and represented by mRNA. At the end, a release factor binds to the stop codon, terminating translation and releasing the complete polypeptide from the ribosome.

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