Question

what physical trauma has to do with microbial diseases of the nervous sytem?

Answer 1

what physical trauma has to do with microbial diseases of the nervous system?

answer:

Bacterial diseases of the nervous system comprise a broad range of diseases with their related pathogens. Many bacterial infections can spread to the nervous system, most of them by the hematogenous route.

Microbial diseases affecting the nervous system tend to be serious because of the critical functions performed by the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral and cranial nerves.

Meninges protect brain and spinal cord

Bacterial infection of the nervous system are:
a) bacterial Meningitis:

3 major causes are

Haemophillis influenzae
Streptococcus pnemoniae
Neiserria meningitidis

The bacteria infect the meninges by spreading from the ears or sinuses, or by moving from the nose or mouth into the blood stream. Meningitis can also be spread by person-to-person contact but it is usual for people to have the bacteria that can cause the infection on their skin and in their nose as a harmless commensal organism.

symptoms are :
Initial symptoms of fever, headache, and stiff neck.
Followed by nausea and vomiting. Feeling confused, and having seizures, Photophobia: an aversion to bright light .It may progress to convulsions and coma, and ultimately death.

1))Haemophillis influenzae Meningitis
this occurs mostly in children(6 months to 4 years). Prevented by Hib vaccine given at 2 months.

2)Streptococcus pnemoniae
- Also called pneumococcal meningitis.
it is caused by - Caused by S. pneumoniae (gram-pos diplococcus). it is Prevented by vaccination usually given to children under the age of 2 yrs.

3)Neiserria meningitidis

Neisseria meningitidis, often referred to as meningococcus, is a Gram-negative bacterium that can cause meningitis and other forms of meningococcal disease such as meningococcemia, a life-threatening sepsis.

Meningococcal bacteria may cause infection in a part of the body -- the skin, gastrointestinal tract, or respiratory tract, for instance. For unknown reasons, the bacteria may then spread through the bloodstream to the nervous system. When it gets there, it causes meningococcal meningitis. Bacteria can also enter the nervous system directly after severe head trauma, surgery, or infection.

symptoms are

General poor feeling
Sudden high fever
Severe, persistent headache
Neck stiffness
Nausea or vomiting
Discomfort in bright lights
Drowsiness or difficulty awakening
Joint pain
Confusion or other mental changes

it is prevented by Vaccination (B, C, Y, W-135 capsule) recommended for college students

2)Listerosis (Meningitis)

Listeriosis is caused by a small, Gram-positive bacterium called Listeria monocytogenes. Also a blood disease, listeriosis can affect the meninges (listeric meningitis). The disease is transmitted by unpasteurized or improperly pasteurized milk and cheese products, as well as from animals. In a pregnant woman, the bacillus may affect the fetus and cause miscarriage.

3) Tetanus

Tetanus is a non-communicable disease contracted through exposure to the spores of the bacterium, Clostridium tetani, that exists worldwide in soil and in animal intestinal tracts, and as such can contaminate many surfaces and substances.  As a result of the ubiquity of the bacterium causing tetanus, the disease cannot be eradicated.

The organisms produce a powerful exotoxin that interferes with the removal of acetylcholine from the synapses in the nervous system. This inhibition results in spasms affecting the muscles and causing clenched jaws and fists, paralysis of the respiratory muscles, disturbance of heart function, and death. The disease is prevented with immunizations of tetanus toxoid in the DPT vaccine. Established cases are treated with tetanus antitoxin (antibodies) and large doses of antibiotic such as penicillin.

4)Botulism

Botulism is caused by the anaerobic, Gram-positive, spore-forming rod known as Clostridium botulinum. The organism's spores enter food in vacuum-sealed, anaerobic environments, and they germinate to reproducing cells, which produce powerful exotoxins ingested with the food.

Botulinal toxin blocks release of neurotransmitter, causing flaccid paralysis (muscle contractions).The toxin interferes with the release of acetylcholine in the synapse between nerve and muscle cells. Without acetylcholine, nerve impulses cannot be transmitted, and paralysis soon begins. Respiratory arrest leads to death. No vaccine is available, but treatment with large doses of botulism antitoxin may prevent death.
- Prevention: proper canning, nitrites prevent endospore germination in sausages, cooking
- Get through digestive system, but its a disease of nervous system.

5)Leprosy

Leprosy is caused by a slow-growing type of bacteria called Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae). Leprosy is also known as Hansen's disease. Leprosy (Hansen's Disease) is a chronic infectious disease that primarily affects the peripheral nerves, skin, upper respiratory tract, eyes, and nasal mucosa (lining of the nose).

the patient cannot sense environmental changes, and injury to the skin tissues results. Deformed hands and feet and eroded bones, fingers, and toes are seen in the disease. In tuberculoid leprosy, skin pigments are lost. In lepromatous leprosy, skin nodules called lepromas disfigure the skin. The incubation time is roughly three to six years.