Question

Q1: Describe the etiology, pathology and clinical manifestation of Iron Deficiency Anemia. (In Details)
Q2: Define stroke. Discuss the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. (In Details)

Answer 1

1. Iron deficiency anaemia is a common condition where blood doesn't have enough RBC.In this enough iron is not there ,thus RBC cannot transport enough oxygen to body with help of heamoglobin.l

Etiology-

•    due to absence of enough iron to produce haemoglobin
• Blood loss can lead to loss of iron.In women during heavy periods iron deficiency anaemia may occur.
• Due to inability to absorb iron from diet due to disease conditions like celiac disease.
• During pregnancy iron deficiency anaemia may occur since pregnant women need to meet requirements of both mother and fetus.
• Due to lack of iron in diet.

Pathology

• Due to above causes iron deposit are reduced in body ,but still there will be adequate iron from daily RBC turnover for Hb synthesis.
• When iron deposit reduce continuously Hb falls down to minimal value thus causing anaemia.

Clinical Manifestations

• Fatigue due to lack of oxygen
• Brittle nails
• Pale skin due to less Hb which gives blood its colour
• Poor appetite
• Shorteness of breath or fast heartbeat
• Headache, dizziness
• Unusual cravings for non food items like soil

2.

Stroke is a medical emergency condition. Stroke is sudden interruption in blood supply to brain. It occurs due to poor blood flow or interrupted blood flow to brain,thus brain cells gets deprived of oxygen and nutrients leading to brain cell death.

Two types of stroke -ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.

Ischemic stroke-

• It occurs due to blocked artery to brain.Artery becomes narrow causing reduced flow of blood to brain.
• Either it may be thrombotic stroke,when blood clot forms in artery to brain.Clt is formed due to fat deposits or other artery problems.
• Or it may be embolic stroke when blood clot formed at a region away from brain like heart is swept through bloodstream to brain artery.

Hemorrhagic stroke-

• It occurs when blood vessel in brain rupture and leaks.It can be due to increased and uncontrolled blood pressure,aneurysms or weak spot in blood vessel,overtreatment with anticoagulants.
• Intracerebral hemorrhage occurs when blood vessel in brain bursts and blood leaks to surrounding cells.Brain cells beyond leak get deprived of blood.
• Subarachnoid hemorrhage occur when artery near brain surface bursts and blood leaks to space between skull and brain.