Analyze how calcium and phosphate are hormonally regulated and describe the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, evaluation and treatments for hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia.
The calcium and phosphorus are regulated by the following hormones namely
Parathyroid hormone regulates by increasing the calcium levels in the blood by pushing it from bones
Cacitonin helps to remove excess calcium through kidney and its resorption in the bone
Vitamin D absorbs the calcium from the small intestine
Fibroblast growth factor 23
The organs like gastrointestinal, bone,kidneys, parathyroid glands are involved.
| Hypercalcemia | Hypocalcemia | |
| Pathophysiology | due to endocrine hormone alteration the calcium is released excess from the bones into blood vessels causing other symptoms | due to endocrine and other organ disorders the absorption of calcium is inhibited and causing symptoms related to it |
| Clinical manifestation |
GIT:abdominal pain,nausea, constipation, anorexia, polydipsia,vomiting Rensl:increase urine CNS;confusion,tired CVS:Palpitations, arrhythmia Musculoskeletal:pain,weakness Other:weight loss |
Musculoskeletal Muscle cramps,pain,twitching,spasm,brittle bones CNS:Paresthesia,fatigue,depression ,hallucinations |
| Evaluation |
|
|
| Treatment |
Medication
Surgery Removal of parathyroid partial or total |
|
Analyze how calcium and phosphate are hormonally regulated and describe the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, ev...
Describe the cause, clinical manifestations, management, and nursing interventions for the following imbalances: calcium deficit (hypocalcemia) and calcium excess (hypercalcemia); magnesium deficit (hypomagnesemia) and magnesium excess (hypermagnesemia);
. Describe the cause, clinical manifestations, management, and nursing interventions for the following imbalances: calcium deficit (hypocalcemia) and calcium excess (hypercalcemia); magnesium deficit (hypomagnesemia) and magnesium excess (hypermagnesemia); phosphorus deficit (hypophosphatemia) and phosphorus excess (hyperphosphatemia); chloride deficit (hypochloremia) and chloride excess (hyperchloremia
Describe the cause, clinical manifestations, management, and nursing interventions for the following imbalances: calcium deficit (hypocalcemia) and calcium excess (hypercalcemia); magnesium deficit (hypomagnesemia) and magnesium excess (hypermagnesemia); phosphorus deficit (hypophosphatemia) and phosphorus excess (hyperphosphatemia); chloride deficit (hypochloremia) and chloride excess (hyperchloremia).
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