Stress–Strain Behavior (Polymers)
For the phenol-formaldehyde (Bakelite) polymer whose stress–strain behavior can be observed in the Tensile Tests module of Virtual Material Science and Engineering (VMSE) (which is found in WileyPLUS), determine the following:
(a) The tensile strength
(b) The approximate ductility, in percent elongation How do these values compare with those for the phenol-formaldehyde material presented in Table 7.2?
Table 7.2 Room-Temperature Mechanical Properties (in Tension) for Various Materials
| Yield Strength | Tensile Strength | Ductility, %EL[in 50 mm (2 in.)]a | ||
Material | MPa | ksi | MPa | ksi | |
Metal Alloysb | |||||
Molybdenum | 565 | 82 | 655 | 95 | 35 |
Titanium | 450 | 65 | 520 | 75 | 25 |
Steel (1020) | 180 | 26 | 380 | 55 | 25 |
Nickel | 138 | 20 | 480 | 70 | 40 |
Iron | 130 | 19 | 262 | 38 | 45 |
Brass (70 Cu–30 Zn) | 75 | 11 | 300 | 44 | 68 |
Copper | 69 | 10 | 200 | 29 | 45 |
Aluminum | 35 | 5 | 90 | 13 | 40 |
Ceramic Materialsc | |||||
Zirconia (ZrO2)d | — | — | 800–1500 | 115–215 | — |
Silicon nitride (Si3N4) | — | — | 250–1000 | 35–145 | — |
Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) | — | — | 275–700 | 40–100 | — |
Silicon carbide (SiC) | — | — | 100–820 | 15–120 | — |
Glass–ceramic (Pyroceram) | — | — | 247 | 36 | — |
Mullite (3Al2O3–2SiO2) | — | — | 185 | 27 | — |
Spinel (MgAl2O4) | — | — | 110–245 | 16–36 | — |
Fused silica (SiO2) | — | — | 110 | 16 | — |
Magnesium oxide (MgO)e | — | — | 105 | 15 | — |
Soda–lime glass | — | — | 69 | 10 | — |
Polymers | |||||
Nylon 6,6 | 44.8–82.8 | 6.5–12 | 75.9–94.5 | 11.0–13.7 | 15–300 |
Polycarbonate (PC) | 62.1 | 9.0 | 62.8–72.4 | 9.1–10.5 | 110–150 |
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) | 59.3 | 8.6 | 48.3–72.4 | 7.0–10.5 | 30–300 |
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) | 53.8–73.1 | 7.8–10.6 | 48.3–72.4 | 7.0–10.5 | 2.0–5.5 |
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) | 40.7–44.8 | 5.9–6.5 | 40.7–51.7 | 5.9–7.5 | 40–80 |
Phenol-formaldehyde | — | — | 34.5–62.1 | 5.0–9.0 | 1.5–2.0 |
Polystyrene (PS) | 25.0–69.0 | 3.63–10.0 | 35.9–51.7 | 5.2–7.5 | 1.2–2.5 |
Polypropylene (PP) | 31.0–37.2 | 4.5–5.4 | 31.0–41.4 | 4.5–6.0 | 100–600 |
Polyethylene—high density (HDPE) | 26.2–33.1 | 3.8–4.8 | 22.1–31.0 | 3.2–4.5 | 10–1200 |
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) | 13.8–15.2 | 2.0–2.2 | 20.7–34.5 | 3.0–5.0 | 200–400 |
Polyethylene—low density (LDPE) | 9.0–14.5 | 1.3–2.1 | 8.3–31.4 | 1.2–4.55 | 100–650 |
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