Question

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Questions:

1. Describe pain according to your understanding of pain and how do people usually react toward pain?   ( more details and more explain)

2. In your opinion, which one of the pain theories you have learned describes pain most? Why?  ( more details and more explain)

Answer 1

1) Pain is a complex sensation experienced by an individual due to the physiological and psychological response to painful stimulation. It occurs due to damage to the tissue or organ of the body. It causes an unpleasant sensation that alters the homeostasis of the body. The pain sensation is created due to the stimulus that is sent from the brain to the affected site and this causes the release of prostaglandin or other inflammatory markers. The inflammatory marker increases the body flow to the affected site and plays a major role in the healing process of the injury.
The intensity of the pain depends on the type of injury. Emotions and thoughts have a great impact on the intensity of pain. In a depressed state, the intensity of pain is greatly increased due to the continued activation of pain impulses from the brain.
Pain behavior, such as guarding, bracing, rubbing, grimacing, and sighing, are influenced by psychological factors. Anger, stress, and anxiety are the most common psychological impact due to pain and these factors, in turn, increase the intensity of pain. Proper medication and educating the patient in coping-up the pain is needed to reduce the pain intensity.

2) A number of theories have been postulated to describe the mechanism that lies behind the pain perception. The Gate Control Theory of Pain was proposed by Melzack and Wall in 1965 and this theory states that the pain signals to reach the brain are under the control of "nerve gates" and depending on the pain stimulus the signal is allowed to reach the brain.
Conduction of nerve impulse depends on the axonal diameter of the neuron. Greater the diameter of the axon, the faster is the conduction of nerve impulse. Three types of nerve fiber based on its axon diameter - A, B, and C fiber and the A fiber are further subclassified as A-alpha, A-beta, A-gamma, and A-delta. The A-delta fiber is the smallest fiber and it conducts pain signals faster. The C-fiber transmits pain signals slowly. When exposed to an injury, the A-delta fiber is activated and then the C-fiber gets activated. The signal transmitted reaches the T-cell fibers that are located in the substantial gelatinosa of the spinal cord. This region contains the inhibitory interneurons that act as a gate and determine which signal should reach the T cell and further propagate through the spinothalamic tract and reach the brain. Thus, non-pain signals are not allowed to pass and the pain signal alone reaches the T-cell. Once the impulse reaches the brain, it interprets the pain stimulus and involves in the pain development in the affected part.
Emotions and thoughts involved in pain perception. The concentration in other environments will prevent the activation of the nerve gate for the pain stimulus. In a depressed or anxiety state, the nerve gate is opened and the intensity of the pain is increased.