Question

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Q. No. 1. Write short notes on the following-

a. Dry beriberi

b.     Wernicke’s encephalopathy

c.     Angular stomatitis

d.     Pellagra

e.     Megaloblastic anemia

Answer 1

Dry beriberi

Beriberi is a disease caused by a vitamin B-1 deficiency, also known as thiamine deficiency. There are two types of the disease: wet beriberi and dry beriberi. Thiamine deficiency with nervous system involvement is termed dry beriberi. Dry beriberi damages the nerves and can lead to decreased muscle strength and eventually, muscle paralysis.

Wernicke’s encephalopathy

Wernicke encephalopathy (WE), also Wernicke's encephalopathy is an acute neurological condition characterized by a clinical triad of ophthalmoparesis with nystagmus, ataxia, and confusion. This is a life-threatening illness caused by thiamine deficiency, which primarily affects the peripheral and central nervous systems. WE is the presence of neurological symptoms caused by biochemical lesions of the central nervous system after exhaustion of B-vitamin reserves, in particular thiamine (vitamin B1).

Angular stomatitis

Angular cheilitis, also known as angular stomatitis and perlèche, causes swollen red patches in the corners on the outside of your lips. It can occur on one or both sides of your mouth. It's an inflammatory condition and can last a few days or be a chronic problem. It can affect people of all ages, including infants.

Pellagra

Pellagra is a disease caused by low levels of niacin, also known as vitamin B-3. It's marked by dementia, diarrhea, and dermatitis, also known as “the three Ds”. If left untreated, pellagra can be fatal. Pellagra is clinically manifested by the 4 D' s: photosensitive dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death. Pellagra is a disease caused by a lack of the vitamin niacin (vitamin B3). Symptoms include inflamed skin, diarrhea, dementia, and sores in the mouth. Areas of the skin exposed to either sunlight or friction are typically affected first.

Megaloblastic anemia

Megaloblastic anemia is a condition in which the bone marrow produces unusually large, structurally abnormal, immature red blood cells (megaloblasts). Bone marrow, the soft spongy material found inside certain bones, produces the main blood cells of the body -red cells, white cells, and platelets. Megaloblastic anemia is a type of anemia, a blood disorder in which the number of red blood cells is lower than normal.