Question

1. What is the difference between fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins in deficiency and toxicity levels? How do deficiencies and toxicities occur for each

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	1. What is the difference between fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins in deficiency and toxicity levels? How do deficiencies and toxicities occur for each? 2. Tonya is 5' 3" tall, weighs 151 pounds, and is 38 years old. Her waist circumference is 37". Her life is busy but sedentary. She simply does not have the time or energy to stay with an exercise program after working all day as a receptionists and caring for her two socially active children. She would like to lose about 20 pounds but knows dieting doesn’t work for her—all the diets she has tried in the past have left her hungry and feeling deprived. Losing weight has taken on greater importance since her doctor told her that both her blood pressure and glucose levels are at “borderline” high levels. What is her BMI? Assess her weight based on BMI. Estimate her total calorie requirements using the rule-of-thumb method of calculating BMR and adding calories for a sedentary lifestyle. How does it compare to the level of calories recommended in Table 7.3 of your text for a woman her age with a sedentary lifestyle? Which calorie level do you think is most accurate? Why? How many calories would she need to eat to lose 1 pound of weight per week if her activity level stays the same? Two pounds per week? Is a 2-pound weight loss per week a reasonable goal? To help her avoid feeling hungry while eating fewer calories, what foods would you recommend she consume more of? She knows she should drink fewer soft drinks. What advice would you give her to help her do that?
	3. Bill is a 45-year-old bachelor who eats a grab-and-go breakfast, eats all of his lunches out, and has takeout or “something easy” for dinner. Bill’s doctor is concerned that his blood pressure is progressively rising with every office visit and has advised him to cut out the salt to lower his sodium intake. Bill rarely uses salt from a salt shaker and is unsure what else he can do to lower his sodium intake. Breakfast: Black coffee Two jelly doughnuts Midmorning snack: Black coffee Cookies Lunch: Two fast-food tacos with tortilla chips and salsa or a 6-in cold cut submarine with potato chips Cola Midafternoon snack: Candy bar Dinner: If takeout, Chinese food or pizza If "something easy," boxed macaroni and cheese with a couple of hot dogs, canned soup with a cold cut sandwich, or frozen TV dinners Dessert: Instant pudding or ice cream or candy bars Evening snacks: Cereal and milk or potato chips and dip What foods did Bill eat yesterday that were high in sodium? What foods were relatively low in sodium? What are better choices for him when eating out? How can he lower his sodium intake while still relying on “something easy” when he prepares food at home? Knowing that potassium may help blunt the effect of a high-sodium intake on blood pressure, what foods would you recommend he add to his diet that would increase his potassium intake? In overweight people, weight loss helps lower high blood pressure. Bill is “a little heavy.” What changes/substitutions could help him lose weight?

Answer 1

FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS		WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
DEFICIENCY	TOXICITY	DEFICIENCY	TOXICITY
Vitamin A: Night blindness Xerophthalmia	Hypervitaminosis Risk of birth defects	Vitamin B1(thiamine): Beri beri Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome Vitamin B2(riboflavin): Ariboflavinosis Vitamin B3(niacin): Pellagra Vitamin B5(pantothenic acid): Sleep disturbances Digestive problems Vitamin B6: Increased risk of cancer Convulsions Vitamin B7(biotin): Seizures Intellectual disability Vitamin B9(folate): Neural tube defects Vitamin B12(cobalamin): Dementia	No toxicity established No known symptoms Niacin flush Digestive discomfort and diarrhea Sensory nerve damage Skin lesions No symptoms found Neurological damage No symptoms found
Vitamin D: Osteomalacia Rickets	Hypercalcemia	Vitamin C: Scurvy	Kidney stone
Vitamin E: Neurological problems	Excessive bleeding Oxidative stress
Vitamin K: Excessive bleeding	No symptoms identified