Question

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Research on any waterborne diseases and write down answers the following questions on the disease that you researched of. ( i need more details and more Explain please)
1. Which disease are you researching?
2. What type of organism causes this disease?
3. What are the symptoms of this disease? Can it be spread from person to person?
4. How long do the symptoms last? Can it be treated?
5. Where is this disease found in the world? Has there
been a recent outbreak of this disease? If so, where?
6. Describe the most effective water treatment to kill the disease.

Answer 1

Waterborne diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms that most commonly are transmitted in contaminated fresh water. Infection commonly results during bathing, washing, drinking, in the preparation of food, or the consumption of food thus infected.

1. Here I am searching for Typhoid fever one of the most prominent waterborne disease.

Typhoid fever is an acute febrile disease characterized by fever, headache, apathy, prostration, cough, splenomegaly, rash, and constipation/diarrhea.

2. Salmonella typhi is an organism that can cause the disease(typhoid fever). It is a Gram-negative Rod, Motile, Encapsulated, Non-coliform (not in the intestine), Invasive, Facultative Intracellular Pathogen.

*Salmonella typhi infects & replicates intestinal epithelial cells. Virulence Factors of Salmonella typhi is Vi antigen = Capsule.

3. Signs and symptoms are likely to develop gradually and are often appearing one to three weeks after exposure to the disease.

Early stage symptoms :

• Fever that starts low and increases daily, possibly reaching as high as 104.9 F (40.5 C)
• Headache
• Weakness and fatigue
• Muscle aches
• Sweating
• Dry cough
• Loss of appetite and weight loss
• Abdominal pain
• Diarrhea or constipation
• Rash
• Extremely swollen abdomen

Later stage symptoms:

If you don't receive treatment, you may:

• Become delirious
• Lie motionless and exhausted with eyes half-closed in what's known as the typhoid state

In addition, life-threatening complications often develop at this time.

* Typhoid fever is highly contagious. It can spread through close contact with someone who's infected. An infected person can pass the bacteria out of their body in their stools or, less commonly, in their urine.

4. In some people, signs and symptoms may return up to two weeks after the fever has subsided.

*If typhoid is caught early, it can be successfully treated with antibiotics; if it is not treated, typhoid can be fatal.

5.Annually, there are around 5,700 cases in the United States, and 75 percent of these start while traveling internationally. Globally, around 21.5 million people a year contract typhoid.

*On August 20, 2010, a total of 9 individuals infected with a matching strain of Salmonella serotype Typhi have been reported from 2 states since May 25, 2010.

6. The bacteria are deposited in water or food by a human carrier and are then spread to other people in the area.

Prevention

• Wash hands. Frequent hand-washing in hot, soapy water is the best way to control infection. ...
• Avoid drinking untreated water. Contaminated drinking water is a particular problem in areas where typhoid fever is endemic.

The most effective drug/choice or antibiotic for the treatment of typhoid fever is Chloramphenicol.