Question

Compare and contrast two (2) OT models in 150- 200 words using the textbook or other resources. Use an essay format to answer the question. It might be helpful to find more information on the models than Chapter 15 provides.

Compare and Contrast Model of Human Occupation and Canadian Model of Occupational Performance

Answer 1

The OT process is when we apply the theories of occupation in an ordered way to a practical situation. Many different models of the OT process have been developed, and they each attempt to guide a therapist through the stages of applying occupational theory to a practical client situation. Some models may be more useful in particular situations or with particular clients than others.

Part of the artistry of an being an OT, and the difference between being a technician and a professional, is being able to adopt a holistic approach and use a model most appropriate to the individual client’s unique blend of problems in order to achieve a positive outcome. Technicians follow instruction in order to carry out processes whereas professionals use a blend of artistry with science to determine the best model and interventions for each unique patient.

Some examples of OT process models are below:

• PEOP Person-Environment-Occupational Performance
• CMOP-E Canadian Model of Occupational Performance & Engagement
• MOHO Model of Human Occupation
• MoCA Model of Creative Ability
• Biopsychosocial model
• Max Neef model
• Capability approach
• Medical model
• Kawa (river) model
• Social disability model
• European Conceptual Framework for Occupational Therapy
• EHP  Ecology of Human Performance
• OA   Occupational Adaptation model
• OPM(A)  Occupational−Performance Model (Australia)

The Canadian Model of Occupational Performance and Engagement (CMOP-E) was developed by the Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists in 1997, and describes transactions and mutual influences between the dimensions of occupational performance. It is applied by the accompanying Occupational Performance Process Model, which describes the therapeutic process from a client’s perspective  The main model illustrates the relationship between person, occupation and environment. Spirituality is the fourth dimension, placed in the centre of the model to highlight its fundamental importance.

In CMOP-E, occupational order has six perspectives – physical rehabilitative, psycho-emotional, socio-adaptive, neurointegrative, developmental or environmental – in relation to the arbitrary performance areas of self care, leisure and productivity. Quality of function is assessed in terms of both performance and satisfaction  Disorder may occur in the dimensions of person, occupation or environment, or when the momentum of experience is lost due to unresolved issues. Intervention aims to improve transactions between person, occupation and environment, through the process of enablement rather than treatment. Enablement involves working with clients to facilitate autonomy, and does not focus primarily on performance components.

The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM)  is a semi structured interview developed to apply the model and is the only prescribed assessment. This allows freedom to choose other supporting assessments but also restrict the methods of application for the model. Therapists have praised its client centred approach, relatively quick administration, role in promoting occupational therapy in multidisciplinary teams and compatibility with other assessment tools. However these properties are compromised by most therapists using COPM without training or knowledge of the model, particularly when the tool is used without implementing the model.

Model of Human Occupation:-

The Model of Human Occupations (MOHO) is a model that describes how humans generate and modify their occupations in interaction with environment, which presents a dynamic open cycle system of human actions. The system considers information from environment and the feedback of performed action as input, and then goes through the internal part of system. The internal part consists of three subsystems: Volition, Habituation, and Performance. Volition subsystem initiates one’s action, consisting of three components. First, Personal causation is one’s sense of effectiveness and confidence on performing action. Humans can be classified into pawn (or origin) i.e., having strong (or weak) sense of effectiveness in mastering themselves and the environment. Once the prediction of outcome is achieved, a sense of success and effectiveness is gained and vice versa. Second, Interests are one’s intention to seek pleasure from certain action, objects or events. Third, Valued goals are the outcome of how a person determines the importance of various occupational behavior. Habituation subsystem maintains daily routine and action pattern, as well as the order of performing actions. It consists of two components: (1) internalized roles which guide one’s automatic routines when acting as different productive roles and satisfy one’s demands of social environment and volition; and (2) habits which are formed when one repeats certain occupations in his/her daily life and works without the guide of conscious decision. Lastly, performance subsystem generates skilled action. After the interaction between the input and three subsystems, the system generates output (information and action), which provides feedback to the system and becomes new input. The whole system will make adjustment according to the feedback and modify the action at the end. This model can be applied in understanding clients’ formation of action during assessment, and modifying client’s action through the subsystems and input during intervention.