Question

c) Discuss the cellular anatomy for the symhesis and translocation of proteins found in the cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, ER, lysosomes, and membranes. Describe the role of endocytosis and elaborate on the function of the endosome. Describe the structure, function of the cytoskeleton elements. Compare and contrast the prokaryotic cell to the eukaryotic cell.

Answer 1

Cellular anatomy means ribosome synthesize proteins and which is present on rough endoplasmic reticulum.

This rough endoplasmic reticulum is the continuation of nuclear membrane ( outer membrane) and endoplasmic reticulum is not continuous with Golgi body but it is connected through vesicles .

Which can be modified into lysosome or it can exocytosised and release the synthesized proteins.

In ribosomes, protein is synthesized and then protein get entry into endoplasmic reticulum to be modified and it's signal sequence is become exposed or modified to make the protein's destination.

After that protein goes to mitochondria or nuclear according to their SIGNAL SEQUENCE.

AND VESICLES IS FORMED IN GOLGI BODY WHICH CAN FUSE WITH OTHER STRUCTURES AND THE PROTEIN IS TRANSPORTED TO THEIR DESTINATION.

ENDOCYTOSIS IS THE INTAKE OF EXTRACELLULAR MATERIAL OR OTHER SUBSTANCES WHICH IS ENGULFED BY CELLS .

AFTER ENGULFING, THE PLASMA MEMBRANE FORMS VESICLES WHICH IS CALLED EARLY ENDOSOME WHICH CARRY THIS MATERIAL TO THE LATE ENDOSOME ,THIS LATE ENDOSOME CAN BECOME LYSOSOME AFTER INCREASING CYTOPLASMIC ACIDITY.

OR EARLY ENDOSOME CAN GO TO FUSE WITH GOLGI APPARATUS .

THEIR ARE VARIOUS CYTOSKELETAL ELEMENTS LIKE MICROTUBULES , MICROFILAMENTS AND INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS.

MICROFILAMENTS IS COMPOSED OF actin filament and it's diameter is 7 nm and composed of two actin polymers.

This filament helps in cell motility ,endo and exocytosis and cell division.

MICROTUBULES is the another components which is composed of alpha and beta tubulin proteins which composed protofilaments (13 are present in microtubules) and diameter 25 nm

It helps in cell division and make structural integrity.

Intermediate filament have a head and a rod like central part and a tail regions which is formed of coiled coiled structure.it diameter is medium compared to other two.

It has main function in regulating the presence and disappearance of nuclear lamina .Desmin , vimentin these all are example of intermediate filament.

Eukaryotes cells have developed organelles and nucleus but prokaryotes donot have

. PROKARYOTES have 70 s ribosome and eukaryotes have 80 s.

Eukaryotes have chromosomes or large DNA compacted with nucleosome but PROKARYOTES have only short DNA not chromosomes because they lack nucleosome.

I have thoroughly described all the questions.

Good luck thank you