Question

1. What contract is an overall set of expectations held by an individual with respect to what he or she contributes to the organization and in return yet is not written on paper, nor all its terms explicitly negotiated? Explain.
2. People, who have the ability to manage multiple tasks and to consistently meet deadlines are known as being what?
3. The process of observing behavior and attributing causes to it, is known as what
4. What theory contends that people are motivated to seek social equity in the rewards they receive for performance? Explain.
5. What leadership in this context, culture is used as a broad concept to encompass both international differences and diversity-based differences within one culture? Explain.

Answer 1

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What contract is an overall set of expectations held by an individual with respect to what he or she contributes to the organization and in return yet is not written on paper, nor all its terms explicitly negotiated? Explain.

Psychological contract:

Psychological contracts refers the relationship among employee, employer and market in any industry or related to any company. it means how far these three are able to satisfy and fulfill the expectations of others and obligations of self. it explains the perceptions, benefits and informal obligations, how far they are fulfilling. it is different from formal and written contract of employment which discusses the roles and responsibilities of empoloyee and the benefits offered by the employer.

In simple words how the employee is binded to the work and to his employer, physically and metally he should committed to work, and perform the work with heart and soul. they do not do the work because of doing something.The overall set of expectations held by an individual with respect to what he or she will contribute to the organization and what the organization will provide in return. Thus a psychological contract is not written on paper, nor are all of its terms explicitly negotiated.

People, who have the ability to manage multiple tasks and to consistently meet deadlines are known as being what?

Conscientiousness

A person's ability to manage multiple tasks and consistently meet deadlines.

Conscientiousness is a personality trait characterized by organization, purposeful action, self-discipline, and a drive to achieve. According to many psychologists, conscientiousness is one key dimension of personality (the others being openness to experience, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism). Examinations of conscientiousness, then, are often thought to help explain personality.

Conscientiousness occurs in degrees; some people are more conscientious than others. Studies illustrate a correlation between conscientiousness and successful job performance (regardless of profession); other research suggests that conscientious people live longer than those who are less conscientious. Central topics concerning conscientiousness are to what degree it is it is inherited and how it relates to other qualities and behavior. For example, one form of conscientiousness is perfectionism, and some believe conscientiousness can lead to compulsions.

The process of observing behavior and attributing causes to it, is known as what

Attribution

Attribution is a mechanism through which we observe behavior and then attribute causes to it. The behavior that is observed may be our own or that of others.

Attribution is an explanation for the cause of a person's behavior. Psychologists use the concept of attribution to explain how people make sense of their own behavior and that of others. An internal (or dispositional) attribution supposes that an internal factor causes behavior, as when one supposes a student is lazy to explain that student's failure to complete a project. The supposition that something outside a person causes behavior is an external (or situational) attribution.

For example, one might attribute the failure to complete a project to circumstances, such as the student's busy schedule. A fundamental attribution error is the phenomenon of explaining one's own negative behavior through external attribution, but others' negative behavior through internal attribution.

What theory contends that people are motivated to seek social equity in the rewards they receive for performance? Explain.

Equity Theory

In simple words Equity Theory can be defined as the concept in which people derive job satisfaction and motivation by means of comparing their efforts (inputs) and income (outputs) with their co-workers or workers in other firms.

Assumptions of equity theory applied to business

The three main primary assumptions of equity theory which can be applied to most business applications are given below:

1. In the concept of ‘’equity norm’’ each and every worker anticipate a fair return for whatever he contribute towards his job.
2. Each and every worker try to determine what his equitable return supposed to be after comparing his inputs and outcomes with his coworkers. This is called as "social comparison".
3. Workers who felt themselves that they are not in equitable situation will reduce the gap of inequity by distorting the inputs or outcomes in their minds (which is called as cognitive distortion) by leaving the organization or by directly changing the inputs or outputs.

What leadership in this context, culture is used as a broad concept to encompass both international differences and diversity-based differences within one culture? Explain

Culture

Culture is a group's shared system of learned behaviors, values, and beliefs. Culture is often internalized, includes symbolic behavior and communication not readily accessible to outsiders, and is learned rather than genetic or instinctual. Cultural knowledge and adaptability such as controlling fire, making stone tools, developing agriculture, or, more subtly, participating in ritualized behavior are thought to have been significant influences on human evolution for millions of years.

Anthropologists study human and non-human, especially primate, culture such as kinship systems, sexual mores, and concepts of property to understand the boundaries of human adaptability and to distinguish cultural from biological or environmental influences on human society. Unbiased study of culture is dependent on field studies and dispassionate analysis, sometimes leading to charges of cultural relativism.

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