Question

Cellular respiration: The Electron Transport Chain The breakdown of glucose ends during the Krebs cydle; however, it is important to note that the energy previously contained in glucose is mostly stored in NADH and FADHz. In the last step of celular respiration, the high-energy electrons within NADH and FADH2 are passed within a set of proteins found in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion, collectively known as the electron transport chain. The electrons provide the energy to create ATP, which involves the movement of hydrogen ions (H+), also known as protons. NADH and FADHz transfer the high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain. The electron transport chain is made of a number of molecules but is mostly comprised of proteins (specificaly enzymes) known as complexes. These proteins are located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. The proteins have an affinity for electrons, thus puling them away from NADH and FADH2- During the movement of electrons through the electron transport chain, protons (H+) accumulate on the inside of the membrane. As electronsare transported from one prot ein to the next, protons are transportedfrom the inside of the membraneto theoutside. This causes a buidup of protonsinbetween the membranes (the intemembrane space), which createsa differenceofcharge, or a voltage, across the membrane (muchlikeabattery). This voltageis stored energy that is actualy used to synthesize ATP. Color the protons orange. Thero are 4 complexes within ยาย electron transport chain. In Complex l, an onzyme known as NADHdehydrogenase removes two electrons from NADH, to form NAD+. The electrons are transferred to a camier, ubiquinone (Q). During this process, four protons are transferred across ยาย membrane. In Complex ll, additional electrons are removed from FADH2 and are delivered to Q, butnoprotons are transported across the membraneColor Complex 1 purple, and color Q lightgreen. There are manydetaled reactions within complex II.These reactionsproduce four protons, which are deposited on the inside of the membrane. Color Complex แ dark green. Complex III takes two electrons from complex ll, which are then passed to anenergy carrier known as cytochrome c. Color ComplexllIred and color cytochrome c dark blue. During this process, the four protons are transferred across the membrane. Cytochrome c gives the electrons to Complex Ⅳ。in Complex IV four electrons are moved from four molecules of cytochrome c. The electrons are then transferred to oxygen (Oz), which along with protons (H+)creates water. At the same time, four protons are removed from the inside of the inner membrane, further contributing to the proton gradient Color complex V pink As the excess protons diffuse back nto the inside of the membrane·ADPis phosphorylated to create ATP (phosphorylation is making ATP: adding phosphate to ADP). We call thisprocess chemiosmosis. Chemiosmosis occurs in a specific protein of the electron transport chain called ATP synthase.LabelATP Synthase and color ATP Synthase lightblue. During this final step of cellular respiration, a netof 32 ATP are produced for cellular energy Essentialy, the transfer of electrons provides the energy to move protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This buildup of protons in the intemembrane space creates a charge differential (voltage) and this stored energy is then used to drive the ATP synthase to produce ATP

Answer 1

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