Question

Please answer all these questions below as soon as possible. It's urgent.
Explain them well in paragraph order and include facts and examples. Plus include 4 causes to each questions below

how can eating fast-food make a child obese?

How can depression related to childhood obesity? (include four causes)

how genetic factor causes childhood obesity?

Answer 1

Fast foods fall into this category of food. Fast foods are typically high in

• calories
• fat
• saturated and trans fat
• sugar
• simple carbohydrates
• sodium (salt)

Fast food and BMI

Fast foods are associated with higher body mass index, less successful weight-loss maintenance and weight gain.

When our body mass index reaches 30, your overweight condition is termed obesity.

Fast food and childhood obesity

Fast foods affect children and youth often worse than adults. This is because most of the fast foods are targeted towards children and there is a sustained pattern of eating fast foods and eating out.

Children with a sustained excess energy imbalance intake of approximately 2% result in the development of obesity over time.

• Obesity and depressions, condition which have until recently been considered “adult” health problems, are now recognized as common conditions among youths. Recent datafrom National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveyhas shown that 17% of youths ages 2-19 years old to be overweight compared to just 5% a few decades ago. Depression also has an huge impact on a large population of youths. Prevalence of major depressive disorder has been estimated to be 2% of children and 4-8% of adolescents
• The state-of-the-art Treatment of Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS) reportS that only 37% of adolescent treated with intensive, combination medication and psychotherapy treatment achieved remission at 12 weeks . Similarly, lifestyle and medication interventions for childhood obesity have failed to curb the growing epidemic of pediatric overweight, leading to the increased use of invasive bariatric surgery for morbidly obese adolescents

Depression and obesity share common risk factors. Some factor apparently can trigger both obesity and depression. Belonging to a lower socioeconomic class and not participating in physical activity increases risk for developing either condition.

• Poor self-esteem in childhood is an estab­lished marker of poor mental health later in life, says Veugelers. In University of Mani­toba study published in the Journal of Psychosomatic Research (April 2009), re­searcher Amber Mather and colleagues have discovered that obesity was associated with a 25% to 50% increased risk of lifetime psychiatric disorders, mood or anxiety disorder and suicidality.  

• A studyfollowed nearly 1,000 white children in North Carolina, ages 9 to 16, over eight years. Young boys, but not girls, proved especially prone to the dual problem of obesity with depression.

The rising prevalence of obesity can be partly explained by environmental changes over the last 30 years, in particular the unlimited supply of convenient, highly calorific foods together with a sedentary lifestyle. Despite these changes, there is also strong evidence for a genetic component to the risk of obesity [31, 32]; indeed, obesity is now considered a classic example of a complex multifactorial disease resulting from the interplay between behavioral, environmental and genetic factors which may influence individual responses to diet and physical activity.

A genetic component for obesity is reflected in prevalence differences between racial groups, from 5% or less in Caucasian and Asian populations to 50% or more among Pima Indians and South Sea Island populations [33]. In addition, the familial occurrences of obesity have been long noted with the concordance for fat mass among MZ twins reported to be 70–90%, higher than the 35–45% concordance in DZ twins; as such, the estimated heritability of BMI ranges from 30 to 70%

The MC4R gene is the first locus at which mutations are associated with dominantly inherited morbid human obesity thus making it the commonest genetic cause of human obesity described before the era of GWAS.

A 2% imbalance could mean an excess of only about 30 kilocalories per day. This corresponds to two-thirds of a chocolate cookie, fewer than two French fries or one-fourth of a can of soda.

Eating out is another major contributor to childhood obesity. Studies show that calorie content of out-of-home meals that children consumed was 55% higher than that of in-home meals.