Succinyl-CoA is a negative regulator of citrate synthase. Explain why this makes sense, and propose a...
Succinyl-CoA is a negative regulator of citrate synthase. Explain why this makes sense, and propose a possible mechanism for how this molecule inhibits citrate synthase. What other step of the citric acid cycle is inhibited by succinyl-CoA, and how do you expect that inhibition mechanism to be similar/different?
Homework Answers
Succinyl-CoA is a negative regulator of citrate synthase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Succinyl-CoA inhibits these two enzymes through feedback regulation. Succinyl-CoA is the immediate product of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase enzyme but not citrate synthase. Succinyl-CoA competes with acetyl-CoA for citrate synthase (competitive feedback inhibition).
Citrate synthase is one of the key rate-limiting enzymes of TCA cycle and is regulated by succinyl-CoA, oxaloacetate, citrate, NADH.
α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase can also be inhibited by NADH.
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Succinyl-CoA is a negative regulator of citrate synthase.
Explain why this makes sense, and propose a...
acetyl-CoA COA The reactions of the citric acid cycle are shown in the image. As labeled...
acetyl-CoA COA The reactions of the citric acid cycle are shown in the image. As labeled in the diagram, reactions 1, 3, and 4 are regulation points in the citric acid cycle. oxaloacetate citrate synthase citrate NADH +Hi 7 malate dehydrogenase NAD malate aconitase 2 Which molecule inhibits reaction 1? isocitrate 7 fumarase NAD isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 NADH + H+ O citrate O NAD acetyl-CoA + CO2 fumarate C-ketoglutarate FADH succinate O dehydrogenase FAD O-ketoglutarate a dehydrogenase NAD + COA...
3. (10 pts) Citrate synthase catalyzes the reaction: Oxaloacetate + acetyl – COA → citrate +...
3. (10 pts) Citrate synthase catalyzes the reaction: Oxaloacetate + acetyl – COA → citrate + HS – COA The standard free energy change for the reation is -31.5 k] . mol-1. a) Calculate the equilibrium constant for this reaction at 37°C. b) Would you expect this reaction to serve as a control point for its pathway (the citric acid cycle)?
Choose the ONE BEST answer explaining how oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA levels are balanced to maximize flux...
Choose the ONE BEST answer explaining how oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA levels are balanced to maximize flux through the citrate cycle when energy charge in the cell is lovw Oxaloacetate is required for mitochondrial shuttle systems, and therefore it makes sense to activate pyruvate carboxylase by ATP and inhibit it by malate. None of the answers are correct. The best way to balance the input of carbon into the citrate cycle is to regulate the production of citrate using vitamins like...
Acetyl COA + H2O Coo- o coo- Citrate synthase CH2 -OH -ooc— CH2 CH2 NADH +...
Acetyl COA + H2O Coo- o coo- Citrate synthase CH2 -OH -ooc— CH2 CH2 NADH + H+ COO- Oxaloacetate Coo- Citrate Aconitase Malate dehydrogenase NAD+ - Çoo- Çoo- ---OH -O00—-H HO-CH CH2 CH2 Coo- Malate Coo- Isocitrate Isocitrate lyase Malate synthase COO- COO- Coh CH2 Acetyl COA + H2O Ho Glyoxylate coo Succinate Figure 17.23 Biochemistry, Seventh Edition 2012 W. H. Freeman and Company Question 1 (10 pts) Using diagrams show the pathway that is used to convert succinate to...
Please answer both of the questions. Please write neatly and also make sure you answer is...
Please answer both of the questions. Please write neatly and
also make sure you answer is correct! Thank you! If you do not know
the answer to a question, please don’t answer it! I will rate
good!
12. (2 pts) Which one of the following statements is FALSE? A. In feedback inhibition, the product of a pathway inhibits an early enzymatic step. B. Protein kinases add inorganic phosphate (P) to a Ser, Thr, or Tyr C. An enzyme could be...
Describe “hub” molecules acetyl CoA and pyruvate that serve different pathways. Explain metabolic regulation favoring metabolic pathway choices leading to and from hub molecules. Describe how C.A.C. s...
Describe “hub” molecules acetyl CoA and pyruvate that serve
different pathways. Explain metabolic regulation favoring metabolic
pathway choices leading to and from hub molecules. Describe how
C.A.C. serves as a “hub “pathway. Use picture as a reference.
Pyruvate Glucose Fatty acids sterols pyruvate carboxylase Acetyl-CoA PEP carboxykinase Glutamine Citrate Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) Proline Arginine Oxaloacetate PEP carboxylase Citric acid cycle a-Ketoglutarate Malate Glutamate Aspartate Asparagine Serine Glycine Cysteine malic enzyme Purines Succinyl-CoA Phenylalanine Pyrimidines Pyruvate Tyrosine Tryptophan Porphyrins heme Figure 16-16...
I would appreciate it if you may answer all questions, throughyly. Thank you These Probelms are...
I would appreciate it if you may answer all questions, throughyly. Thank you These Probelms are regarding Citric Acid Cycle 5. In the conversion from citrate (which is not chiral) into isocitrate (which is chiral), the carbon from oxaloacetate is always the one oxidized, not the carbon from the acetate (delivered by acetyl-CoA). Explain how this happens. 6. In the third step of the cycle, the alcohol is oxidized into a carbonyl by isocitrate dehydrogenase. How does this step assist...
MILJpuises and may receive a zero on this exam. Responses that come from other sources that...
MILJpuises and may receive a zero on this exam. Responses that come from other sources that are not written in a student's own words will also receive zero credit Question 2 6 pts Would the two reactions below be involved in energy coupling? Please explain why or why not. briefly defining the terms exergonic, endergonic, free energy, and explain how this is possible. Be specific and complete in your response. The first step in the citric acid cycle is as...
Citrate Utilization Test OBSERVATIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS 1 Using Table 5-10, page 340, as a guide, enter...
Citrate Utilization Test OBSERVATIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS 1 Using Table 5-10, page 340, as a guide, enter your results in the table below. Organism Color Result (+ or -) Interpretation Control QUESTIONS 1 Consider the uninoculated tube. a. Is it a positive or a negative control? b. What information is provided by the uninoculated control? Rus. ay Manry bacteria that are able to metabolize citrate (as seen in the citric acid cycle) produce negative e this test. Why? Be specific. ative...
13. Describe 2 mechanisms whereby ATP is generated during cellular respiration Mechanism 1: Mechanism 2: 14....
13. Describe 2 mechanisms whereby ATP is generated during cellular respiration Mechanism 1: Mechanism 2: 14. Indicate the MAIN molecules that enter and exit each of these processes? Molecule(s) IN Process Molecule(s) OUT Glycolysis Pyruvate Oxidation Citric Acid/Krebs Cycle ETC Photophosphorylation Calvin Cycle 15. Isocitrate is a 6 carbon molecule that is oxidized to a-ketoglutarate (a 5 carbon molecule) by the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase. What happens to the extra carbon atom in this reaction and in which process (listed in...
acetyl-CoA COA The reactions of the citric acid cycle are shown in the image. As labeled in the diagram, reactions 1, 3, and 4 are regulation points in the citric acid cycle. oxaloacetate citrate synthase citrate NADH +Hi 7 malate dehydrogenase NAD malate aconitase 2 Which molecule inhibits reaction 1? isocitrate 7 fumarase NAD isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 NADH + H+ O citrate O NAD acetyl-CoA + CO2 fumarate C-ketoglutarate FADH succinate O dehydrogenase FAD O-ketoglutarate a dehydrogenase NAD + COA...
3. (10 pts) Citrate synthase catalyzes the reaction: Oxaloacetate + acetyl – COA → citrate + HS – COA The standard free energy change for the reation is -31.5 k] . mol-1. a) Calculate the equilibrium constant for this reaction at 37°C. b) Would you expect this reaction to serve as a control point for its pathway (the citric acid cycle)?
Choose the ONE BEST answer explaining how oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA levels are balanced to maximize flux through the citrate cycle when energy charge in the cell is lovw Oxaloacetate is required for mitochondrial shuttle systems, and therefore it makes sense to activate pyruvate carboxylase by ATP and inhibit it by malate. None of the answers are correct. The best way to balance the input of carbon into the citrate cycle is to regulate the production of citrate using vitamins like...
Acetyl COA + H2O Coo- o coo- Citrate synthase CH2 -OH -ooc— CH2 CH2 NADH + H+ COO- Oxaloacetate Coo- Citrate Aconitase Malate dehydrogenase NAD+ - Çoo- Çoo- ---OH -O00—-H HO-CH CH2 CH2 Coo- Malate Coo- Isocitrate Isocitrate lyase Malate synthase COO- COO- Coh CH2 Acetyl COA + H2O Ho Glyoxylate coo Succinate Figure 17.23 Biochemistry, Seventh Edition 2012 W. H. Freeman and Company Question 1 (10 pts) Using diagrams show the pathway that is used to convert succinate to...
Please answer both of the questions. Please write neatly and
also make sure you answer is correct! Thank you! If you do not know
the answer to a question, please don’t answer it! I will rate
good!
12. (2 pts) Which one of the following statements is FALSE? A. In feedback inhibition, the product of a pathway inhibits an early enzymatic step. B. Protein kinases add inorganic phosphate (P) to a Ser, Thr, or Tyr C. An enzyme could be...
Describe “hub” molecules acetyl CoA and pyruvate that serve
different pathways. Explain metabolic regulation favoring metabolic
pathway choices leading to and from hub molecules. Describe how
C.A.C. serves as a “hub “pathway. Use picture as a reference.
Pyruvate Glucose Fatty acids sterols pyruvate carboxylase Acetyl-CoA PEP carboxykinase Glutamine Citrate Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) Proline Arginine Oxaloacetate PEP carboxylase Citric acid cycle a-Ketoglutarate Malate Glutamate Aspartate Asparagine Serine Glycine Cysteine malic enzyme Purines Succinyl-CoA Phenylalanine Pyrimidines Pyruvate Tyrosine Tryptophan Porphyrins heme Figure 16-16...
MILJpuises and may receive a zero on this exam. Responses that come from other sources that are not written in a student's own words will also receive zero credit Question 2 6 pts Would the two reactions below be involved in energy coupling? Please explain why or why not. briefly defining the terms exergonic, endergonic, free energy, and explain how this is possible. Be specific and complete in your response. The first step in the citric acid cycle is as...
Citrate Utilization Test OBSERVATIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS 1 Using Table 5-10, page 340, as a guide, enter your results in the table below. Organism Color Result (+ or -) Interpretation Control QUESTIONS 1 Consider the uninoculated tube. a. Is it a positive or a negative control? b. What information is provided by the uninoculated control? Rus. ay Manry bacteria that are able to metabolize citrate (as seen in the citric acid cycle) produce negative e this test. Why? Be specific. ative...
13. Describe 2 mechanisms whereby ATP is generated during cellular respiration Mechanism 1: Mechanism 2: 14. Indicate the MAIN molecules that enter and exit each of these processes? Molecule(s) IN Process Molecule(s) OUT Glycolysis Pyruvate Oxidation Citric Acid/Krebs Cycle ETC Photophosphorylation Calvin Cycle 15. Isocitrate is a 6 carbon molecule that is oxidized to a-ketoglutarate (a 5 carbon molecule) by the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase. What happens to the extra carbon atom in this reaction and in which process (listed in...
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