Question

The reproductive system may seem a bit isolated from other body systems in that its purpose is to create new life, not just maintain existing life. But there are significant relationships between the reproductive system and other body systems. Name three organ systems that the reproductive system especially depends upon, and briefly explain that dependence. Then name two systems whose anatomy or physiology is influenced by the hormones of the reproductive system, and describe these influences.

Answer 1

Answer:

Three organ systems that the reproductive system especially depends upon:

Endocrine system organises various body functions by its hormonal secretions. Hormone is a chemical messenger secreted from an “endocrine gland” (ductless glands) which is transported to a distant site from its origin, where it produces its action (paracrine action).

So, both nervous system and endocrine system both need chemical messengers to send signals to target cells, but they do differ in their speed of transmission.

1. Pitutary organ (Neurohypophysis) - endocrine organ that further upon stimulation when puberty releases secondary sexual hormones.

2. Brain - sensory stimulations reaches to the brain from the reproductive organs

3. Blood -a fluid connective tissue organ and carrier of sexual hormones

Encourages sperm production: Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Encourages ovule synthesis : Leitinising hormone:

Oxytocin is female sexual hormone which induces labour pains at the time of pregnancy by stimulating the uterus. It acts on mammary glands to produce milk.

Balance: It is not under the control of any specialized sense. Cerebellum controls the balance with equilibrium.

Blood is liquid connective tissue associated with 55% of plasma proteins such as clotting factors and remaining portions contains erythrocytes, luecocytes, platelets etc.

Hormones such as gonadotrophins released from the anterior pituitary are responsible for the regulation of ovarian and uterine menstruation cycle further leading to elevated levels of gonadotrophin enable release of egg and leading to corpus leteum. Here hCG usually signals corpus luteum to further release of secondary sexual hormones such as progesterone and estrogen to avoid the endometrium as of sloughing off.

Hormonal action on the testes in human male and female reproductive system:

Ovaries and testes are part of the endocrine system as well as the reproductive system.

Ovaries (in women) and testes (in men) are the reproductive endocrine glands. These release sexual hormones (estrogen, progesterone and testosterone) that are very essential for the development of secondary sexual characteristics and maintenance of sexual health. After puberty The synthesis of estrogen and progesteron increases by ovaries and testes produce more testosterone thus, differentiating male and female sexual characters.

Estrogen acts on ovulation production whereas oxytocin stimulates labor pains. Testosterone activates androgen receptors and acts on nuclear receptors, exerts its affects on DNA transcription. These pharmacological, physiological effects are long lasting. But epinephrine hormonal effects are short acting mainly it stimulates flight and fight effects in the sympathetic nervous system.which, various chemical substances bind and produce their effects. These receptors are specific to the chemical messengers (Eg: neurotransmitters, hormones), the binding of chemical messenger cause conformational change to the receptor structure that is followed by specific physiological changes.

G-protein coupled receptors are the receptors that are structurally similar to estrogen acting receptors and follicle stimulating hormone acting receptors. In these receptors commonly seven transmembrane units are present with signal transduction mechanisms. Estrogen acts on the nuclear hormone receptors which include G- protein coupled intracellular nuclear membrane receptors. Whereas follicle stimulating receptors acts on the surface G-protein coupled receptors and stimulated cAMP system and adenyl cyclase.