Question

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QUESTION 9 For many years, the direct pathway model of pain was favored in explaining pain perception. The model explained that pain occurs when nociceptor receptors in the skin are stimulated and send their signals directly from the skin to the brain. However, in the 1960s researchers began to notice that pain perception was affected by a number of different factors that were not associated with skin stimulation giving rise to the gate control model of pain. These factors included: (Check all that apply) People who have had a limb amputated continue to experience pain in the amputated limb The amount of pain perceived can be modulated by one's expectation of how severe the pain will be Viewing or listening to pleasant stimuli can decrease the amount of perceived pain Increased stimulation of the nociceptors increased pain Your emotional state can influence your perception of pain

Answer 1

All the given options are applicable in gate control model of pain. According to this model, opening and closing of pain gates in the spinal cord is affected by various factors. It depends upon individual’s attention towards pain source, emotional and anxiety level, amount of damage caused to the individual, mental pain-coping ability of the person, previous experiences about pain and the behavioral and psychological state of the individual. Amputees experience phantom pain due to feeling of sensation in amputated limb. Listening music relieves the individual and changes psychological state which decrease the amount of pain.