Question

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1. Describe the characteristics and environmental conditions (geography, climate, soil, biology, and human influences) for nine terrestrial biomes (Tropical Rain Forest, Tropical Dry Forest, Tropical Savanna, Desert, Woodland and Savanna, Temperate Grassland, Temperate Forest, Boreal forests, Tundra). Find the dominant animal and plant for nine terrestrial biomes, and explain major characteristics for the dominant animal and plant.

Answer 1

ANS: Teresstrial biome: Tresstrial biome is a large geograhical region on land define as a average temperature,average rainfall,dominant plant types and animals species .

biomes  is a group of similar ecosystem and ecosystem is a biological community of interrelating  organisms and their physical envionment .

There are two types of biomes ;

1. Aquatic

2.Marine

There are the nine terrestrial biomes are:-

!.Tropical Rain forest: Topical rainfrest near the equator.

This biome occurs in the equatorial or sub equatorial regions where both rainfall and wramthness are abudance.

Rainfall :Above 140cm/year usually between 200- 500cm/year

Rain occurs through major parts of the year.Therefore humidity is good.

Forest is thick and almost impenetrable.

Soil: Standing crop biomass is highest thought the soil is highly leached with the low base content .

LIFE ia abundant in this biome .It has different varieties and number of plants and animals.

Flora : Vegetation shows stratification .tropical rain forest is multistoreyed and mainly broad leaves evergreen plants.There are minimum of five storeys or vegetation:-

!.Tall emergent trees height from 50m above

2.tall trees height from 35-40m

3. intermediate layer of small trees,shurb,

4..epiphytic growth is rich due to humidity

5. orchids ,lichens,mosses,ferns, vines and lianas are abundant on the edges of the forests.Leaves of tall trees are leathery with the drips tips for the floew of rain water.

Fauna: Different storeys has different fauna .

Upper storeys have birds, insects, bats and ground fauna inculdes monkeys, frog , lemure,lizards , leopard , elephant ,jagur.deer,forest goat,snakes.

2.Tropical Savannah : This biomee having abudant growth of grasses.

It is warm climate plain with coarse grasses , scattered shurbs, and trees ,seasonal wet and dry period occur .This region occurs in North Australia, India, central and southern Africa .

Soil : The soil  of Savannah contains low moisture due to seasonal rainfall . Availability of soil moisture determines composition and productivity.

Flora : Savannah is named after dominant tree like Acacia, Phoenix, Eucalyptus..many of them perform c4 photosynthesis ,helpful to maintain the moisture in the soil.

Fauna: hoffed herbivores, goat ,antelope, zebra, rhino,wolf, lion, tiger,elephant,kangaroo fox and kangroo etc.

3.Desert biome: It lacks rain due to either being present in rain shadow,lack of cloud intercepting mountains or lying away from cloud seeing regions e.g. Death valley,Sahara,Gobi,Thar of Asia.

most of these lie around the tropic of capicorn and tropic of cancer .Desert can be cold and hot.

Soil mainly dry and moisture free and sandy.Vegetation is sparse.

Flora: a) Epheremerals or short lived annual herbs

b) cacti or other scculents xerophytes

c) deep rooted shurbs e.g tamarix, salvodora, prospis etc.

Fauna: Kangaroo, fox, locusts,Rattle, Snake, Coral Snake, lizards, Spiders, Wasps ,ants ,Scorpions Swallows Camel. Camel is adapted to deserts conditions because it has insulated spreading feet, capable of tolerating dehydration upto 40% with highly reduced urine output.

4.temperate grassland ; In grassland gasses are dominant with nongraminaceous herbs .

eg. Praires of U.S.A Canada,

Pampas of south africa

Steppes of Eurasia

tussocks of Newzealand

downs of Australia

veldts of South africa

there are hot summer,cold winter,seasona rainfall.Primary productivity related to rainfall;Grazing and fire help maintain grassland and prevent woody species.

Fauna :due to seasonal rainfall,less abundance of grass ELK,Bison,Bear, BighornSheep,Rabbit,Dog ,Mice, Budges ,Coyote, Rabbit etc.

5.Temperae forest; It is consist of Temperate deciduous forest ,Temperate evergreen forest,temperate rain frorest.

Percipation is highly variable, it occur both as rain as well assnow.Land and marshes bogs have cotton grass and sphagnum,

temperature in winter 6 degee and average temperture less than 20 degree.

Flora; Evergeen conifers like pine,Hem lock, cedar Spruce .

Fauna;During winter many anuimals hibernate,mouse, reindeer, rabbit, deer.

6.Boreal biome conferious located at high altitude .

snow feed area ,flora includes white fir , siberian spurce, eastern red cedar.

Fauna ;squirrels, birds, rodents, small mammls,deer etc lived in tht habitat, black bear, gray wolf, bobcat, .

tropical dry forest : this is adry forest found in latin america .Its soil is fertile as wellas supporting,prevents flood cow deer are lived here