Question

24. What would be the anticodon if the template strand of DNA Is ACC A UCC B.) TGG UGG D. ACC E. TCC 25. Prior to protein synthesis, the DNA A. attracts tRNAs with appropriate amino acids. 6.) serves as a template for the production of mRNA. C. adheres to ribosomes for protein synthesis. D. contains anticodons that become codons. E. must first undergo replication. 26. The Human Genome Project has revealed that human DNA has approximately A. 30,000 bases B. 300,000 bases C. 3 million bases .3 billion bases E none of the above 27. Organization(s) which set the guidelines and controls for genetic engineering A CDC Β. NIH D. A&C E. All of the above III. MULTIPLE CHOICE Please answer each question on scantron 28. A vector which is used to insert DNA into a cell must have the ability to reproduce fast d. all of the above b. form clones none of the above c. self-replicate 29. Restriction enzymes occur naturally in a. bacteria b. humans cfungi d. protozoa e. all of the above 30. A population of genetically identical individuals that share a common ancestor is called a. cohort deme b. clone species 31. The so-called "sticky end" of a DNA fragment that has been cut up by the restriction enzymes consists of a strand DNA ribosome b. particular sequence of exposed,single-stranded nucleotides double-stranded loop of DNA

Answer 1

24) TGG would be the anticodon if the template strand of the DNA ACC because we know that A binds with T while G binds with C .

25)Prior to protein synthesis , the DNA serves as a template for creation of mRNA (in a process known as transcription)

26)Human Genome Project has revealed that human DNA approximately has 3 billion bases (which are present in the 23 pairs of chromosomes within the nucleus of all our cells )

27) Organisations which sets the guidelines for genetic engineering are CDC,NIH , MMWR , A&C

28)The vector which is used to insert DNA into a cell must have the ability to reproduce fast , form clones and also be able to self replicate.

29)Restriction enzymes occur naturally in bacteria

30)A population of genetically identical that share a common ancestor is called clone.

31)The so-called "sticky end" of a DNA fragment that has been cut up by the restriction enzymes consists of a particular sequence of exposed,single-stranded nucleotides .

32) The polymerase chain reaction is used to amplify certain sections of DNA

33) Vector -- a carrier used to transfer foreign DNA into a cell

34) sickle cell anemia

35) red-green color blindness

36) ABO blood grouping in humans

37) heterozygous

38) hybrid -- cross result of of two different true breeds

Matching

39) Recombinant DNA -- Hybrid DNA from two sources

40) cDNA -- DNA made using mRNA and reverse transcriptase

41) gel electrophoresis

42) Restriction enzymes -- Cut double-stranded DNA at specific nucleotides

43) sticky ends

44) PCR

45) clone

46) plasmid -- extrachromosomal genetic structure in bacteria that can replicate independently

47) genomic library

48) RNA polymerase

49) 64,61,3

50) DNA

SHORT ANSWERS AND ESSAYS

1)In general, DNA consists of two polynucleotide chains that are wound around each other to form a double helix structure . The two chains are held together by complementary base pairing; that is, specific bonding between A and T bases and between G and C bases on the two strands.

  Both the strands of DNA double helix structure can grow in 5' to 3' direction but instead they grow in opposite directions due to opposite orientation of the sugar molecule present in them.This antiparallel orientation allows for the base pairs to compliment one another. Antiparallel DNA is also more structurally stable than parallel DNA.

2) The process how the DNA codes for protein is mentioned step by step :

• There is a presence of series of molecules called nucleotides which make a strand of DNA
• The nucleotides connect to each other between the two strands of DNA ( with A connecting to T and G connecting to C)
• The DNA has a specific direction - the beginning of a strand is marked by a 5′, and the end of a strand is marked by a 3′, so our example strand is basically 5′ACCTGA3′
• Now, since  DNA is normally a double-stranded material, so there must be another strand attached to it. Using the pairing rules, we can see that the other strand matches up as TGGACT.
• The strands run in opposite directions to each other, so for example if the original strand is 5′ACCTGA3′, then the opposite strand will be 3′TGGACT5′.
• Now transcription starts where we observe that DNA is converted to RNA
• Finally this RNA is translated to yield amino acid

Thus we can see how DNA codes to form protein

3) To ensure the accuracy of DNA replication the cell has various mechanisms . Out of these ,the first mechanism is the usage of a faithful polymerase enzyme that can accurately copy long stretches of DNA. The second mechanism is that in which the polymerase catch its own mistakes and correct them. Stem cells have an extra safeguard to preserve the accuracy of their genetic information. DNA is double-stranded. The strands split apart and serves as templates for new copies. Every time when a stem cell replicates its DNA and gets split into two cells, the cell that remains a stem cell will keep the same strand of DNA. This strand is called the mother strand or the immortal strand. In this way, the stem cell can preserve the original copy of its DNA.

Another characteristics for ensuring the accuracy of DNA replication can be attributed to the fact that there is proof reading mechanism by DNA polymerase III which proof reads and corrects is own mistakes while copying and fix them.