Question

Section A – Answer only ONE question from this section

1. Explain the physiological concept of flow down gradients and illustrate your understanding by presenting three examples from at least two different body systems. In your answer include the terms gradient and resistance.

2. Explain the physiological concept of structure-function relationships (structure enables function) and illustrate your understanding by presenting three examples from at least two different body systems.

Section B – Answer only ONE question from this section

3. Explain how force generation by human skeletal muscle can be increased to pick up increasingly heavy loads. In your answer, include the terms summation and motor unit.

4. Explain how blood flow to a capillary in the gastrointestinal tract can be reduced.  In your answer include the terms arteriolar and sphincter.

5. Explain how the renal medullary osmotic gradient is generated and maintained. Describe how this is important for the regulation of water balance and urine volume.  Include the terms Loop of Henle, aquaporin and antidiuretic hormone.

6. Using a piece of meat as an example, explain how proteins that are eaten are assimilated into the blood. Your answer should include mechanical reduction in particle size, digestion and absorption.

essays for each of the following questions

Answer 1

Flow Down Gradient This process refers to transport process obseshed in the body. The core concept of flow down gradient include Flow & the monement of substances from one point to another like - monement of molecules amat pesas by diffusion. monement of fluid and gases. flow due to concentration gradient from highto low concentration. Osmotie and hydrostatie pressure gradient accross capillary wall. Examples [ Monement from high concentration O GIT concentration Absorption of glucose from misstestine occurs through capillaries asso ciated with microvilli Intestinal absorption Vitacues B12 tahes place from large intestine (colon) هما دم b

2 Blood. @ Monement or distibution of drugs from high concentrations (GIT) to low concentralon (blood). 35 to tissues Transport of oxygen by blood Creighoa Os contents belatively low content of رون

According to metaboliz hypothese Elevation in verous pressus use results in vasodilatation and increases the density of capillariccasa result of reduced blood flow and vasodilator accumulation, According to myogenie hypothesis The vascular resistance enhances and there is a decrement in density of capillaries du uring venous pressure elevation due to increased intravascular press ssure and resistance with a reduction in capillary Hitration coefficient, Intestinal preparations perfused at normal blood flow demonstrate remaskable asteriolar and precapillary sphincters in response to elevāliou pressu sure. en venous