Question

DeepSea Explorer brings some sample near a hydrothermal vent on the seabed some 1000-meter deep. Upon examination with a light microscope, a unicellular star-shaped microorganism was discovered in the sample and cells were collected and their chemical compositions were analyzed. a) After analysis, scientists discover that these cells contain DNA, RNA, proteins and phospholipids Based on these results, you can conclude the organism is made of cells of Prokaryotic 1) Eukaryotic i) Cannot be determined b) Explain your reasoning for the above answer. c) Further examination with an electron microscope shows the microorganism lacks mitochondria and other membrane structures in the cytoplasm. What domain do these cells likely belong to? Archaea i) Bacteria ) Eukarya d) Explain your reasoning for the above answer. The shape of proteins is critical to their function. a) What are the Tertiary and Quaternary structures of a protein? b) What is the main factor that determine how a protein fold into its 3D shape? c) Name the chemical bonds and interactions that maintain the 3D structure of a protein d) When we say a protein is denatured, which level of protein structure is most likely changed? Endomembrane system is an important system to synthesize and delivery proteins to their target location either inside or outside the cells a) What is the endomembrane system made of? Is it found in prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells or both? b) Describe how an extracellular enzyme secreted by fungus cell is made, transported and targeted to the outside of the cell by the endomembrane system and across cell membrane transport IV. Enzymes are biological catalysts that can speed up chemical reactions in cells a) Draw a graph showing an endergonic reaction that is with and without enzyme, make sure to mark the activation energy and AG for both with and without enzyme reactions b) Explain how an enzyme can make this endergonic reaction faster. Make sure include enzyme. substrate complex in your discussion. c) Is this endergonic reaction spontaneous or non-spontaneous? Please compare and contrast the similarity and differences of the chemiosmosis in cellular respiration and photosynthesis. Make sure you include the organelle and the subcellular location where the chemiosmosis takes place, sources of electrons entering the ETC and the final electron acceptor, the movement of the proton and how the ATPs are made. (You can use a table to have a better presentation of your answer).

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Answer 1

1. a) iii ) (cannot be determined)

b). Both prokaryotes & Eukaryotes contain DNA, RNA & proteins. Therefore, it is not possible to classify cells into prokaryotes & Eukaryotes based on this observation.

c) i) (Archea)

d) Both Archea and bacteria do not possess membrane limited cell organelles in the cytoplasam unlike Eukaryotes. However, since extreme habitats such as hydrothermal vents are associated to Archea, it is likely that the observed cells belong to Archea.