Question

Microbial Diversity and Ecology

What is the major difference between bacterial/archaeal and eukaryotic AND evolutionary pressures?

Answer 1

The major evolutionary pressures observed with prokaryotes & archae species (halophilic Archaea and halophiles) is synthesis of proteins and their length profoundly has significant difference with the length of the protein synthesized in eukaryotic cells during the evolution. The length of genome and rate of transcription & translation through gene expression is another major difference of evolutionary pressure when compared to eukaryotic transcription & length of protein synthesis rate. Another major evolutionary pressure evolved in eukaryotes from unicellular archae is diverse rate of DNA replication & gene variations to promote cell mitosis to develop into multicellular species with organs & organs systems. The protein synthesis rates have profound effect on metabolic rates of prokaryotes & eukaryotes during the evolution. These evolutionary pressures are result in eukaryotes with development of locomotion organs for motility, multicellular complex tissues as the complex organism which pas through embryonic blastula stage that distinguishing feature from the unicellular organism (prokaryotes). They possess advanced circulatory, skeletal system, and advanced nervous system associated with brain and nerves (human is also a type of social animal). They possess advanced sexual organs with mature reproductive systems.

These evolutionary pressures are result in major morphological innovations in the evolution of animal life (at the phylum level):

There are total 2 types of groups of species that are divided based on presence of morphological innovation that is "presence of vertebral column". Those living species which do not have vertebra" are referred as "invertebrates" and those which possess vertebrae" are referred as “chordates" or "vertebrates".

Initially unicellular prokaryotes such as bacteria have evolved with primitive evolutionary pressure for morphological features such as locomotion, and to avoid extreme conditions provided by host they produced development of cell wall. Later multicellular eukaryotes evolved with morphological innovations including development of locomotors organs and development of various adaptations to survive in the nature for predation. These are primitive algae, plantae, phylum protists, phylum monera, phyla such as platyhelimthes and nematyhelmithes. The helminthes parasites and species have developed various morphological adaptations for their survival in the host along with strong scolex to attach to the host internal surfaces.