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*Course Name: Principles of Microbiology for Public Health BIOL103

I need new and unique answers, please. (Use your own words, don't copy and paste)

( Please i need more than 500 words please)

Q) Please compose an essay addressing the following topic:

VACCINES

Discuss the role of Microbiology in context to Public health for the above topic. Explain the different uses and support provided by microbiology in Vaccination Public Health programs.

Your essay must be structured as follows:

Introduction

Body

Conclusion

I need new and unique answers, please. (Use your own words, don't copy and paste)

( Please i need more than 500 words please)

Answer 1

Immunizing agents may be classified as vaccines, immunoglobulins and antisera...

Vaccine is an immunological substance designed to produce specific protection against a given diseases... They may be prepared from - live modified organism, Inactivated or killed organism, Extracted cellular fractions, Toxoids, Combination...

Types of vaccines:-

• Live 'attenuated' vaccine- e.g.- BCG, Measles, Oral polio
• Inactivated/ Killed vaccines:- e.g.- IPV
• Subunit vaccines :- Toxoids- Diptheria toxoid, Tetanus Toxoid... Protienaceous- acellular pertussis vaccines... Recombinant protein vaccines - HepB.... Polysaccharide based vaccines- Hib, PCV for pneumonia...
• Conjugate vaccines- Combination of two or more strain of same species. E.g. PCV10 , PCV23

Combination vaccines- Combining vaccines of different species like PENTAVALENT vaccine containing DPT, HepB and Hib...   

Edward Jenner the “Father of Immunology” (1749-1823), conceived the idea of vaccination when he observed that the milkmaids did not suffer from small pox, a dreaded disease, as they were exposed to a milder form of this disease called cowpox. So he proposed that an induced mild form of a disease would protect a person from a virulent form (which can cause more damage to the host).

Vaccine word is derive from latin word- Vacca meaning Cow...

Recent advances in vaccines are owing to Microbiology in public health are -

1. Use of rDNA techniques to insert the gene coding for the protein of interest into the genome of an avirulent virus that can be administered as the vaccine .. e.g. vaccinia virus incase of small pox.
2. Including in the vaccine only those subviral companents needed to stimulate protective antibody thus minimising the occurrence of adverse reactions to the vaccine and its components.
3. Use of purified proteins isolated from purified virus or synthesised from cloned genes ( recombinant Hrpatitis B virus vaccine contains viral proteins synthesised in yeast cells). Expression of cloned genes sometimes reuskts in formation of empty virus like particles.
4. Use of synthetic peptide that correspond to antigenic determinants on a viral protein , thus avoiding any possibility of reversion to virulence.
5. Development of edible vaccines whereby transgenic plants synthesising antigens from pathogenic viruses may provide mew cost- effective ways of delivering vaccines.
6. Use of naked DNA vaccines - potentially sinple, cheap and safe in which recombinant plasmids carrying the grne for the protein of interest are injected...

Administration of vaccine locally to stimulate antibody at the portal of entry eg. Aerosol vaccines for resiratory disease viruses..

Various immunisation schedules have been formulated by who to protect individuals from prevntable causes of disease of which Expanded Programme on immunsation (EPI- 1974) and Universal Immunisation Programme (UPI- 1985 ) were released .

Types of immunity attained by vaccination are-

Passive

Active

Herd immunity

Ring immunisation...

Vaccines are especially important for at-risk populations such as young children and older adults.

Adverse effects following immunsation are-

• Vaccine product related
• Vaccine quality defect related
• Immunisation error related recation or programme error
• Immunisation amxiety relared
• Coincidental event

Containdication to vaccines are-

All Live vaccines are contraindicated in pregnant women except Yellow fever vaccines..

Some Vaccine Programmes are -

Pulse Polio Immunisation..

MR campaign

International Helath Regualtion for yellow fever

Strains used for different vaccines are-

Measles- Edmonston Jagreb strain

Mumps- Jeryll- Lynn strain

Rubella- RA27/3

Tuberculosis- BCG strain

Oral polio vaccine - Type 1 and type 3

Injected polio vaccine- Type1,2,3

Japanese encephalitis - SA 14-14-2

Dengavaxia- CYD - TDV

Mosquarix ..

World Immunization Week is a global public health campaign to raise awareness and increase rates of immunization against vaccine-preventable diseases around the world. It takes place each year during last week of April.

Conclusion-

Most vaccine development to date has relied on "push" funding by government, universities and non-profit organizations.[74] Many vaccines have been highly cost effective and beneficial for public health.[75] The number of vaccines actually administered has risen dramatically in recent decades.[76] This increase, particularly in the number of different vaccines administered to children before entry into schools may be due to government mandates and support, rather than economic incentive.[77]