Question

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Describe the difference between chemical asphyxiants and irritants.

Provide examples of each.

Answer 1

Asphyxiants are gas or vapor kind of substance that causes tissue hypoxia by hindering the absorption of oxygen. Chemical asphyxiants are the chemical substance (carbon monoxide, cyanide , hydrogen sulfide). Chemical asphyxiants is an occupational hazards mostly occurs among workers in industries. Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless gas commonly forms as a result of incomplete burning of coal,wood, fuels (gas). When inhalation of carbon monoxide occurs it enters into lungs and circulates in blood through gas exchange. Carbon monoxide has more affinity towards hemoglobin and results in production of Carboxyhemoglobin, and it can no longer combine with oxygen results in tissue necrosis and neurological deficits like confusion and coma. Chemical asphyxiants in common develops symptoms like headache,vomiting, dizziness, confusion, blurred vision, cardiac rhythm abnormalities, seizures, cognitive impairments. The clinical manifestations is purely determined by the time exposed to the chemicals, any associated co morbid illness : cardiac and respiratory illness, concentration of carbon monoxide inhaled.The primary goal of treatment is to provide higher concentration of oxygen ex) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy.

Irritants are any substances that causes irritation to skin. Chemical irritants are the substances that causes inflammatory reactions to skin,mucus membranes covering eyes,nose and the major organs. The most common chemical irritants are formaldehyde, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, shampoo,detergents,bleaching agents. The most common symptoms depends on the exposed area of irritants. Mostly skin exposure to chemical irritants will results in redness, intense itching, swelling of eyes and face. If the chemical irritants exposed into lungs causes sneezing, excessive cough, mucus secretion, wheezing. The primary treatment involves in washing the area with water to remove the chemical irritants that comes in contact with skin. In case of any allergic reactions over the skin can treated by topical corticosteroids. In case of inhalation of chemical irritants oxygen therapy is the first line treatment, administer bronchodilators to treat spasm caused by irritants.

Prevention of better than cure both in chemical asphyxiant and irritants avoiding skin contact by following universal standard precautions like hand washing,wearing gloves,mask,goggles will protect workers from occupational hazards.