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A Bad Reaction: A Case Study in Immunology by James A. Hewlett Science and Technology Department Finger Lakes Community College,Canandaigua, New York Part I You have been awarded a grant in the amount of s1200. Your research team is to use this grant to cover the costs of examining the case histories of three patients. Your goal is to make a diagnosis from these records and design a testable experiment that can be used to obeain future funding. You will not be given much time to examine the three patient histories, so be prepared to take notes and record as much information as you can in the time allowed Diagnosis Your team must deliver A diagnosis for Patient #1 and the major pieces of evidence that you used. A diagnosi An explanation for why Patient #3 appears normal. What are the mapor pieces of evidence that you used to account for this? * is for Patient #2 and th e major pieces of evidence that you used. * Each patient record contains a reference number. When reconding a piece of evidence to back up your diagnosis of a patient, you must reference the recoed number that you used to obtain that piece of evidence Experiment Proposal Your team must also produce A testable hypothesis to back up your diagnosis of the three patients. A description of an experiment that can be performed to test your hypothesis . Contents and Costs of Records Individual records cost s200.o0. This is what is available for each patient Medical History-information on lifestyle, surgeries allergies and past medical problems Interview transcripts-transcripes taken from interviews with the patients afer being admitted to the hospital. Vitals and tests-Blood pressure, heart rate, blood counts (CBC), blood gases and esules from any tests thar were nun. Organ assesment -assesments of kidney, liver, and pancreatic function. You have been provided with a sheet that describes the contents of each of the records. Your grant provides you with enough money to purchase six of the 12 records that are available for these three patients Evaluation Criteria The performance of your group will be evaluated on the following criteria Your diagnosis for the three patients and the value of the evidence that you have used Your proposal for your experiment Residual grant funds (spending less moncy gives you a higher score) Time Limitations .All information should be recorded on the data sheets provided · Your applications are due at [TIME] A Bad Reaction by James A. Hewlett

Answer 1

1. The difference between an allergen and antigen is that an antigen is any foreign substance which might or might not become allergen. But an allergen is always an antigen. Allergen usually induce an allergic response whereas an antigen is a foreign particle which can or cannot be aprotein.

2. Anaphylaxis is a serious, life threatning allergic reaction which is induced in seconds or minutes as soon as the body is exposed to the allergen. This is caused by the IgE which is produced in the body due to allergy.

3. There are various types of antibodies or immunoglobulins produced by the body. They are IgG,IgA, IgD,IgM and IgE.

IgE is produced in allergy. All the allergic response are induced due to IgE. This is the antibody involved in the development of the immune response.

4.Mast cells are immune cells. It is a cell filled with basophil granules. It releases histamine during an allergic or inflammatory reaction. Mast cells contains basophillic granules. Mast cell is cross-linked with IgE. Cross-linking with IgE makes it release histamine granules present in it. This is how it is involved in the immune response.

5. There are four types of hypersensitivities.

Type I is an immediated hypersensitivity. It is induced by the release of IgE. It occurs due to pollen, food, or insect bite allergy.

Type II involved IgG and IgM.It occurs due to blood transfusion reaction.

Type III hypersenstivity. It involves immune response.

Type IV is due macrophage and inflammatory reaction in tissue.

Doctors determine the type of allergy by detecting the type of antibody. The antibody involved is usually IgE in immediate immune response.