Question

please help me no one could help me

Action plan and Marking scheme A. Themes that could be considered for the research are: energy efficiency, alternative fuel sources, improved vehicle safety, and any transportation alternative (smart vehicle, magnetic levitation vehicle) B. The outline can be made in the form of report explaining the entire following question thoroughly related to your theme. 1. Research the study momentum, energy and energy transformations involved in the different themes of your choice. (At least one and half paragraph for each theme) 2. Effect of technologies and principles involved in your theme on the environment. (2 paragraphs) 3. What changes scientists are trying to make in this technologies to make them more eco-friendly. (2 paragraphs)

Answer 1

Theme :- Improved Vehicle Safety

1) Study Momentum:- The need of active safety systems calls for the development of appropriate testing methods that are able to shows capabilities to avoid accidents or lower impact speeds and thus, to mitigate the injury severity. Up to now the assessment is mostly based on the decrease of the collision speed due to CMS (collision mitigation systems). In order to assess the effects on injury severity developing methods, that are able to predict collision parameters correlating with the risk of getting injured, such as delta-v, for different impact situations is a mandatory task.

In this study a momentum based impact model is assessed in terms of reliability to solve the collision mechanics and therefore to predict delta-v for frontal car collisions.

Energy and Energy Transformations:-

There are multiple methods of energy conversion in RBS including spring, flywheel, electromagnetic and hydraulic systems. More recently, an electromagnetic-flywheel hybrid RBS has emerged as well. Each type of RBS utilizes a different energy conversion or storage method, giving varying efficiency and applications for each type. Currently, the most commonly used type is the electromagnetic system.

Electromagnetic

In electromagnetic system, the drive shaft of the vehicles is connected to an electric generator, which uses magnetic fields to restrict the rotation of the drive shaft, slowing the vehicle and generating electricity. In the case of electric and hybrid vehicles, the electricity generated is sent to the batteries, giving them a recharge. In gas powered vehicles, the electricity can be used to power the cars electronics or sent to a battery where it can later used to give the vehicle an extra boost of power.

Flywheel

In flywheel RBS, the system collects the kinetic energy of the vehicle to spin a flywheel that is connected to the drive shaft through a transmission and gear box. The spinning flywheel can then provide torque to the drive shaft, giving the vehicle a power boost.

2) Effect of Technologies & Principles:-

With the development of society, and the sharp increase in car sales, traffic accidents have become increasingly frequent and serious .At the same time, with the rapid development of science and technology, automotive technology has also been rapidly improved, automotive safety technology gradually involved in all aspects of the car. This paper introduces the main automotive safety technology at present, proposes a kind of airbag system, and describes its specific working methods.From seat belts to Electronic Stability Control, car safety has come a long way since the first automobiles were developed. belts to Electronic Stability Control, car safety has come a long way since the first automobiles were developed during the 19th century. Car safety is as old as the automobile itself. The first recorded fatality involving a vehicle happened in 1869 when Mary Ward, an Anglo-Irish scientist, was killed when she fell under the wheels of an experimental steam car built by her cousins. It’s likely that this event spurred authorities to adopt vehicle and road safety measures to protect not only drivers but also pedestrians. Here is a timeline how car safety has evolved over time:-

Early brake systems

Since the earliest automobiles in the 19th century, brake systems have been used, and they have continued to evolve ever since, from early drum brakes to modern day discs. The earliest brake system consisted only of wooden blocks and a single lever used by the driver to apply the brake. Mechanical drum brakes were developed at the beginning of the 20th century, and these were followed by expanding internal show brakes, which was the first brake system to be fixed inside the vehicle’s frame. This was followed in 1922 by the four-wheel hydraulic brake system. This system used fluids to transfer force to the brake show when the pedal was pressed.

1. Airbags

A car’s airbags will deploy in a crash and cushion both the driver and passengers from common impact points, like the steering wheel, dash, and sides of the vehicle. You would be hard-pressed to find a car that did not have airbags in it, but when shopping for a car make sure the airbags have not been recalled. Also, check for safety features that will turn off the airbags if a child is placed in the front seat, as airbags are quite dangerous when children are not riding in the back.

2. Antilock Brakes

Antilock brakes prevent the wheels from locking when you hit the brakes quickly. Locked wheels can cause the car to spin out on a slippery service, making it impossible for you to steer. An ABS system will use sensors on each wheel to pulse the braking system to each wheel during hard braking in order to prevent locking the wheels. This safety feature will help keep you in control, even when you have to hit the brakes hard.

3. Electronic Stability Control

All cars built after 2012 have electronic stability control, which uses sensors to prevent sliding or skidding. These sensors detect things like wheel speed, sideways motion, steering angel and rotation. If the car moves out of the driver’s intended path, the system will apply brakes to one or more of the wheels to help the driver regain stability. While many manufacturers have a brand-specific name for their stability control system, such as StabiliTrak for Buick and GMC vehicles or AdvanceTrac for Ford vehicles, these car safety features all work in a similar manner.

4. Adaptive Headlights

Headlights improve vision after the sun sets, and adaptive headlights help take visibility a step farther. These systems use sensors that monitor the car’s elevation to illuminate the road more effectively while also reducing glare for oncoming drivers. By improving visibility and making your car easier for other driver’s to see, adaptive headlights are an important safety feature.

5. Traction Control

Finally, when considering car safety features, consider traction control. This is an electronic control system that limits how much the wheels can spin when you are accelerating. This means that the wheels will have maximum traction, even in wet or slippery conditions. Traction control systems are typically paired with the antilock brake system to put the brakes on when a wheel starts spinning too quickly, routing power to the opposite wheel to prevent skidding.

3) Change in Technology to Make It Eco-friendly:-

Electric Cars

Anticipating that a majority of autonomous cars will be powered by electric motors rather than gasoline engines, the auto industry is making a transition to a new driver-less electric car paradigm. In addition to producing fewer carbon emissions, electric cars lack the mechanical complexity of a combustion engine and transmission, making them easier to automate and a natural fit for autonomous driving technology.

With this in mind, GM has selected the all-electric 2017 Chevrolet Bolt EV as its choice test vehicle to experiment with self-driving technology. Following its acquisition last year of Silicon Valley startup Cruise Automation, GM launched 50 automated Bolt EVs for test runs in San Francisco; Scottsdale, Arizona; and Detroit.

Today, the company has announced it’s ready to test another 130 second-generation Bolt EVs that recently finished production. Nissan is also planning to roll out electric-powered self-driving technology with its 2018 Nissan Leaf, which is set to hit the market later this year.

Car Battery Innovations

Any advancements made in electric vehicles depend largely on innovations made with car battery designs. Like smartphones, electric vehicles primarily run on lithium-ion batteries. And because the performance and shelf-life of lithium-based batteries are affected by temperature and overcharging, recent improvements have largely focused on lowering costs and maximizing their lifespan.

Case in point: Tesla has taken the lead in developing low-price car batteries by manufacturing its vehicles with thousands of cylindrical lithium-ion batteries. Whereas most batteries yield an average cost of $227 per kilowatt-hour, Tesla has brought this figure below $190 per kilowatt-hour, which has been low enough for the company.

• Fill under-inflated tires
• Remove extra weight
• Fill up the right way
• Avoid air conditioning
• Maintain the radiator
• Fix the fuel system
• Check the emission system
• Get regular tune-ups
• Drive smarter

​