Answer : Two types of benefits that are derived from separating the reactions of glycolysisin the cytosol from those that occur during the citric acid cycle in the mitochondrion are:
1. Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway and an anaerobic source of
energy that has evolved in nearly all types of organisms.
Glycolysis is oxygen independent process. It can happen in
anaerobic conditions also and hence during such conditions
Glycolysis can keep the body functions going for some time
by fulfilling basic energy (ATP) requirements. If
glycolysis had taken place in mitochondrion like Citric Acid Cycle
or TCA Cycle, then it would also have stopped yielding energy
immediately during anaerobic conditions.
Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway which creates ATP without the use
of oxygen but can occur in the presence of oxygen as well. In cells
which use aerobic respiration as the primary source of energy, the
pyruvate formed from the pathway can be used in the citric acid
cycle and go through oxidative phosphorylation to be oxidized into
carbon dioxide and water. Even if cells primarily use oxidative
phosphorylation, glycolysis can serve as an emergency
backup for energy or serve as the preparation step before
oxidative phosphorylation.
This owes to evolutionary reason also. Before the
endosymbiosis of an aerobic bacteria, few billion
years ago, which is now thought to be modern mitochondrion, this
was the only way that our ancestors could produce energy.
Also the cells without mitochondrion like in RBCs or Erythrocytes , glycolysis keeps up the normal cell functionalities by providing basic energy requirements. In erythrocytes, lactic acid fermentation is the sole source of ATP for these cells have no mitochondria, and once mature, the red blood cells have little demand for ATP. Another part of the body which relies entirely or almost entirely on anaerobic glycolysis is the lens of the eye, which is devoid of mitochondria to prevent light scattering.
During heavy exercise also glycolysis plays important role. Though skeletal muscles prefer to catalyze glucose into carbon dioxide and water during heavy exercise where the amount of oxygen is inadequate, the muscles simultaneously undergo anaerobic glycolysis along with oxidative phosphorylation.
2. Second type of benefit this separation provides is that Citric Acid Cycle is a complex pathway and needs proper functioning of so many enzymes and if due to any reason a single enzyme is absent or limited at the required time in mitochondrion, then glycolysis happening in the cell cytosol can continue to provide ATPs or energy to the cell. Also since most of the enzymes required in glycolysis are present in high concentrations in cytosol therefore it increases the efficiency of glycolysis being in cytosol.
Hence it is beneficial to the body that the two metabolic pathways are separated in nature.
1. Describe two types of benefits derived from separating the reactions of glycolysis in the cytosol...
1. If the inner mitochondrial membrane were rendered as permeable as the outer membrane, how would that affect oxidative phosphorylation? Which specific processes would stop and which remain? 2. Present two types of benefits derived from separating the reactions of glycolysis in the cytosol from those that occur during the citric acid cycle in the mitochondrion
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1. If one glucose molecule enters into glycolysis and proceeds through the PDC and through the citric acid cycle, how many NADH molecules are generated in these reactions? 2. If one glucose molecule enters into glycolysis and proceeds through the PDC and through the citric acid cycle, how many FADH2 molecules (that can be used directly by the ETC) are generated in these reactions? 3. If one glucose molecule enters into glycolysis and proceeds through the PDC and through the...
1. If one glucose molecule enters into glycolysis and proceeds through the PDC and through the citric acid cycle, how many NADH molecules are generated in these reactions? 2. If one glucose molecule enters into glycolysis and proceeds through the PDC and through the citric acid cycle, how many FADH2 molecules (that can be used directly by the ETC) are generated in these reactions? 3. If one glucose molecule enters into glycolysis and proceeds through the PDC and through the...
Describe the steps whereby a molecule of sucrose is oxidized to CO2 in glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the citric acid cycle. During which steps is CO2 released, and during which steps is energy conserved?
As part of the malate‑aspartate shuttle, the malate–α‑ketoglutarate transporter transfers malate formed in the cytosol to the mitochondrion. The malate–α‑ketoglutarate transporter is inhibited by n‑butylmalonate. When n‑butylmalonate is added to an aerobic suspension of kidney cells using glucose as the primary source of energy, ATP synthesis drastically decreases select all that apply 1 - Inhibiting the malate-aspartate shuttle will result in the accumulation of NADH in the cytosol. High levels cytosolic NADH will initiate gluconeogenesis. 2 - Blocking the malate–α‑ketoglutarate...
what is the purpose of the chemical reactions during glycolysis? be sure to highlight the two phases. innthe presence of oxygen, describe the oxidation of pryuvate and entry reaction intonthe knrebs cycle. summarize the importance of the chemical reactions in the krebs cycle
1. Describe the different steps whereby a molecule of sucrose is oxidized to CO2 in glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway and the citric acid cycle. Indicate in which steps CO2 is released, and in which steps energy is conserved.
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