need help, in summary, The Relation Between Eating- and Weight-Related Disturbances and Depression in Adolescence: A Review the article?
Depression often emerges during adolescence
and persists into adulthood. Thus, it is critical to study risk
factors that contribute to the development of depression in
adolescence. One set of risk factors that have been recently
studied in adolescent depression research is eating- and
weight-related disturbances (EWRDs). EWRDs encompass
negative cognitions related to one’s body or physical
appearance, negative attitudes toward eating, and unhealthy weight control behaviors. However, there have been no
comprehensive reviews of EWRDs and depression research
that are contextualized within developmental frameworks
of adolescent depression. Thus, this review will summarize
research findings on the relation between EWRDs and
depression in adolescence using a cognitive vulnerability
developmental framework. First, a brief overview of epidemiological findings on depression is provided in order to
highlight the importance of examining depression in adolescence. Second, a cognitive vulnerability developmental
framework that can be used to conceptualize depression in
adolescence is described. Next, theories and findings on
EWRDs and depression in adolescence are summarized
within this framework. Research limitations and suggestions for future research are provided. Finally, the implications
of this review related to the assessment, intervention, and
prevention of depression in adolescence are provided.
Keywords Adolescent development Depression
Risk factors Eating- and weight-related behavior
Eating- and weight-related cognitions
Depression is a common mental health issue facing children, adolescents, and adults and has numerous health,
economic, and quality of life implications. Depression
often emerges during adolescence (ages 12–18; Arnett
1999; Kessler et al. 2001) and recurs or persists into
adulthood (Lewinsohn et al. 2003). The consequences of
depression during adolescence include an increased risk for
various maladaptive behaviors, such as substance abuse
and suicidal behavior, as well as interpersonal, academic,
and psychosocial problems (Birmaher et al. 1998; Merikangas and Angst 1995; Nolen-Hoeksema et al. 1992).
Thus, adolescence represents a critical time to study risk
factors that contribute to the development of depression.
One set of risk factors that have been recently studied in
adolescent depression research is eating- and weight-related disturbances (EWRDs; e.g., Stice and Bearman 2001).
EWRDs are defined as those negative or maladaptive
cognitions, attitudes, and behaviors directly or indirectly
related to eating and weight. Maladaptive eating cognitions
include negative eating attitudes (e.g., believing that popularity with peers is related to how much one weighs and
that peers prefer to date thin people), body dissatisfaction
(e.g., preference to be a smaller size), and focusing on a
thin or muscular ideal body type. Maladaptive eating
behaviors include dietary restraint and overeating (e.g.,
having the desire to eat when feeling lonely), bingeing, and
use of substances to control one’s weight (e.g., diet pills,
steroids, cigarette smoking; Crow et al. 2008). EWRDs are
generally conceptualized as less severe dysfunctional eating cognitions, attitudes, and behaviors compared to clinical symptoms of eating disorders (e.g., severe restriction
of caloric intake as in anorexia nervosa and bingeing and
purging as in bulimia nervosa). Although there is growing evidence linking EWRDs and depression in adolescence,
there have been no comprehensive reviews of this relation that contextualize findings within empirically supported
developmental frameworks used to understand depression
in adolescence. One key theory used to understand
depression in adolescence is the cognitive vulnerability
framework (Abela and Hankin 2008). Given that depression often emerges during adolescence, a review of the
relation between EWRDs and depression in adolescence
using a developmentally based cognitive vulnerability
the framework represents a valuable contribution to the adolescent depression literature.
Thus, the purpose of the current review was to identify
studies that have investigated the relation between EWRDs
and depression in adolescence and contextualize the findings within a comprehensive developmental model of
adolescent depression. The organization of the review is as
follows. First, the importance of examining depression in
adolescence is underscored by means of a brief overview of
epidemiological findings. Second, a developmentally based
cognitive vulnerability framework that can be used to
conceptualize depression in adolescence is described. After
describing the search strategy to identify studies examining
the relationship between depression and EWRDs, theories and
findings on the relation between EWRDs and depression
are presented and are then integrated into a novel etiological model of adolescent depression. Research limitations and directions for future research are also presented.
Lastly, given that major depression is the third most disabling condition in the world and the second most in the
developed world (World Health Organization 2008),
implications for assessment, intervention, and prevention
initiatives related to adolescent depression are provided.
Adolescence is a period of stress and strain it has been given different names it is also called teen age because it starts from 13 to 19. Some psychologists are of opinion that that afolescence starts from 11to19 ,12 to 20 ,13 to 20 but most psychologists says that it start from the agfe of thirteen to nineteen. This is the period of maturity during this period the boys are getting hairy growth like beard their underarms are getting with hairy growth.The girls are growing their underarms are also getting hairy qrowth their chest grows and their back side also develops.During this period the girls get their menstration cycle.
A thorough understanding of adolescence in society depends on information from various perspectives, including psychology, biology, history, sociology, education, and anthropology. Within all of these perspectives, adolescence is viewed as a transitional period between childhood and adulthood, whose cultural purpose is the preparation of children for adult roles. It is a period of multiple transitions involving education, training, employment, and unemployment, as well as transitions from one living circumstance to other.
STRESS AMONG ADOLESCENTS
Majority of the adolescent undergo stress, whatever the sources
may be internal or external it hampers the major functioning of the
body. Most of the youngsters face multiple problems in their life.
Each individual has to cope with different kinds of pressure laid
down by the society and family. On the verge of coping those
pressures, an individual himself unconsciously frames a net and is
caught in the same.
Parent’s expectation, sibling’s rivalry, status issues, financial
issues. Most of the youngsters confront with these issues in which
some problems are actually genuine and some are self-created.
Youngsters need to reduce their level of expectations. These people
build unreasonable expectation from their life. Most of the
students are pseudo they keep their own self in a rosy world and
when they are confronted with the actual situation, they are unable
to handle and thus it throws them to a stressful situation.
Problem
need help, in summary, The Relation Between Eating- and Weight-Related Disturbances and Depression in Adolescence: A...
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