Question

Group Assignments, Chapter 9, Antibiotics

1. As a group, construct a table listing each class of antibiotics (aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, lincosamides, monobactam, penicillins, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and antimycobacterials). Label columns for therapeutic actions, pharmacokinetics, contraindications, common adverse reactions, and important drug–drug interactions. For each antibiotic group, complete the table.

Answer 1

Antibiotic class	Therapeutic action	pharmacokinetics	Contra indication	Adverse effects	Drug interaction
Aminoglycosides	acts against gram negative bacteria and aerobic bacilli	Half life of 1.5 to 3 hours	Myasthenia graves Mitochondrial disease	Sensoneural hearing loss and vestibular ototoxicity	Gentamycon Streptomycin Kanamycin
Cephalosporins	Gram positive bacteria	serum half life 1 to 2 hours	Hypersensitivity	Diarrhoea Nausea Electrolytes imbalance	Probenecid
Fluoroquinolones	As against activity of DNA gynase enzyme	6 to 12 hours	Epilepsy CNS Infections Stroke	Dyspepsia Vomiting Nausea Abdominal cramps Dizziness	Multivalent metal action Methylxanthines
Macrolides	Binding to ribosome and inhibits proteins synthesis	Billiary excretion	Cardiac arrhythmia	Nausea Vomiting Tinnitus Urticaria	Carbamazepine Cyclosporin
Lincosamides	interfere synthesis of protein	plasma: 2 to 3 hours	Hypersensitivity	Nausea Vomiting Diarrhoea Rash	Anesthetics agents
Monobactam	Aerobic gram negative bacteria	1.7 hours	Renal disease Hypersensitivity Viral infections	Skin rash Abnormal liver function	Cephalosporins Penicillin
Pencillins	against pneumonia, respiratory infections	0.5 and 56 hours	Hypersensitivity	Skin eruptions Black hairy tongue Rashes	Sulfonamide Aspirin Diuretics
Sulfonamides	Inhibit metabolic processes	Half life Lee than 6 hourz	Hypersensitivity Pharyngitis	Dizziness Itching Diarrhoea	Warfarin
Tetracyclines	Treat infection in skin, lung, intestines, genitalia	57 to 108 hours	kidney failure Liver failure Cerebral edema	Diarrhoea White patches Black hairy tongue	Calcium supplements Iron supplements Laxatives
Antimycobacterials	Treat mycobacterium diseases like tuberculosis, leprosy	9 to 10 hours	Hypersensitivity Hepatic disease	Neuritis Abnormal liver function Muscle aches Insomnia	Immunosuppressants