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People who eat lots of fruits and vegetables have lower rates of colon cancer than those who eat little of these foods. Fruits and vegetables are rich in antioxidants such as vitamins A, C, and E. will taking antioxidants help prevent colon cancer? A medical experiment studied this question with 864 people who were at risk of colon cancer. The subjects were divided into four groups: daily beta-carotene, daily vitamins C and E, all three vitamins every day, or daily placebo. After four years, the researchers were surprised to find no significant difference in colon cancer among the groups. (a) What is the treatment and response in this experiment? Treatment O type of food (fruit and vegetables or neither) O whether or not colon cancer develops O at risk or not of colon cancer o whether or not subjects consumed beta-carotene, vitamins C and E or both each day Response whether or not colon cancer develops O whether or not subjects consumed beta-carotene, vitamins C and E or both each day type of food (fruit and vegetables or nelther) O at risk or not of colon cancer
(b) Outline the design of the experiment. Use your judgment in choosing the group sizes. (Select all that apply) Observe the occurrence of colon cancer. ■ Randomly assign subjects to 2 treatments. ■ observe eating habits. Randomly assign subjects to 4 treatments. Randomly assign 2 treatments to 4 groups. (c) The study was double-blind. What do you suppose this means? O Neither the subjects nor the researchers who examined them knew who was getting which treatment. Only blind subjects were used to avoid confounding of sight The subject did not know which treatment they were receiving. O The researchers who examined the subjects did not know which subject got which treatment. O Neither the subjects nor the researchers who examined them knew how they were randomized. (d) What does no significant difference mean in describing the outcome of the study? O The outcome of the study was not conclusive enough to draw significant conclusions regarding the population considered. The observed differences were no more than what might reasonably occur by chance even if there is not effect due to the treatments O There is no difference between the treatments for the population of everyone that might take the same treatments. The observed differences were not considered significantly large or significantly small.

(e) Suggest some possible reasons (lurking variables) that could explain why people who eat lots of fruits and vegetables have lower rates of colon cancer. The experiment suggests that these variables, rather than the antioxidants, may be responsible for the observed benefits of fruits and vegetables. (Gelect all that apply) Fruits and vegetables do not contain any sugar and this could account for the bonefits of those foods ■ people who eat lots of fruits and vegetables may have healthier diets overall. GPeople who eat lots of fruits and vegetables may watch more TV. Fruits and vegetables contain riber and this could account for the benefits of those foods. @People who eat more fruits and vegetables may exercise more.
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