The ionic characteristics of a fossil groundwater in an arid region are listed below. Draw a milliequivalents-per-liter bar graph and calculate total hardness and alkalinity. One recommendation for improving the quality of the water for domestic use is lime-soda ash softening to reduce hardness and total dissolved solids (TDS). Calculate the lime and soda ash additions for excess-lime treatment and draw the final bar graph after recarbonation. Calculate the theoretical total dissolved solids content by summing the weights of the ions (or hypothetical combinations) in the softened water. Was the recommendation of lime-soda ash softening appropriate?
Ca2+ = 108 mg/l | HCO3- = 146 mg/l | TDS =900mg/l |
Mg2+ = 44 mg/l | SO42- = 110 mg/l |
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Na+ = 138 mg/l | Cl- = 336 mg/l |
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