For the water analysis given in Problem, calculate the additions of CaO, Na2CO3, and CO2 needed for excess-lime softening. Sketch a bar graph for the finished water after two- stage precipitation softening by excess-lime treatment with intermediate and final recarbonation (Figure 11.13). Assume that three-quarters of the alkalinity in the finished water is in the bicarbonate form.
Problem:
Draw a milliequivalents-per-liter bar graph for the following water analysis:
calcium hardness = 185 mg/l | alkalinity = 200 mg/l |
magnesium hardness = 50 mg/l | sulfate ion = 58 mg/l |
sodium ion = 23 mg/l | chloride ion = 36 mg/l |
potassium ion = 20 mg/l | pH = 7.7 |
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