A groundwater supply has the following analysis:
calcium = 94 mg/l | bicarbonate = 317 mg/l |
magnesium = 24 mg/l | sulfate = 67 mg/l |
sodium = 14 mg/l | chloride = 24 mg/l |
(a) Calculate the quantities of lime and soda ash for excess-lime softening, and the carbon dioxide reacted for neutralization by two-stage recarbonation. Assume that the practical limits of hardness removal for calcium are 30 mg/l as CaCO3 and for magnesium arc 10 mg/l as CaCO3. and that three-quarters of the final alkalinity is converted to bicarbonate. Calculate the finished hardness and sketch the bar graphs for the raw and finished waters.
(b). Calculate the chemical dosages for split-treatment softening, assuming a permissible magnesium hardness in the finished water of 40 mg/l. Follow the methods of solution in Example 11.8. Draw the bar graphs, after first-stage lime treatment, of the unreacted combined first-stage effluent and bypassed flow, and the finished water after reaction of soda ash. Calculate the finished water hardness
(c) Calculate the chemical dosages for splil-treatinent softening using the method of solution in Example 11.9. Draw the bar graph after first-stage excess-lime-soda ash treatment and the finished water after reaction of the excess lime with the bypassed flow. Calculate the finished water hardness.
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