Homework Answers
- Three targets of the antibiotics in the bacteria are:
1) cell wall
2) nucleic acid snythesis
3) cell membrane.
- the cell wall target provides the optimal therapeutic index.
- there are 3ways in which the bacteria becomes antibiotic resistant : conjugation, transformation, spontaneous mutation.
The genome of the bacteria may mutate spontaneously which might help them to survive them in the presence of antibiotics. This mutation is inheritable , such that all the daughter bacteria will also be able to have that resistance.
Sometimes, the bacteria gain resistance due to acquiring or exchange of resistance plasmid between bacteria of same species or differnt species.
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54. Describe three targets of antibiotics in bacterial cells. Which target provides the optimal therapeutic index?...
Question 13 Microbes can become resistant to antibiotics and prevent the antibiotics from damaging them. Why?...
Question 13 Microbes can become resistant to antibiotics and prevent the antibiotics from damaging them. Why? (Select all that apply) When bacteria reproduce, chance mutations that can protect the bacterium against a particular antibiotic occur. Bacteria reproduce very fast. The antibiotic changes the DNA of the bacterial cells. While most of the bacteria succumb to the antibiotic, the few that survive go on to reproduce and replicate the resistance. In any large population of bacteria, a few cells will be...
2. Research how antibiotics affect bacterial cells. Which cell structure(s) are typically targeted? Based on this...
2. Research how antibiotics affect bacterial cells. Which cell structure(s) are typically targeted? Based on this information do you think human cells are affected by the antibiotics? Include references to information sources used. 3. As mentioned in the introduction, both humans and fungi are eukaryotic. Looking at the structures found in human and fungal cells, propose one possible cellular target that would impact fungal cells but not human cells.
Describe five different ways by which antibiotics can disrupt bacterial cells and cell growth. Give an...
Describe five different ways by which antibiotics can disrupt bacterial cells and cell growth. Give an example of each .
Chapter 12 Study Guide 1. What are the bacterial cell targets of the different antibiotics? 2....
Chapter 12 Study Guide 1. What are the bacterial cell targets of the different antibiotics? 2. Define the following terms: a. Antibiotic resistance b. Antibiotic sensitivity c. Broad-spectrum antibiotic d. Narrow-spectrum antibiotic e. Semisynthetic antibiotic 3. Describe the mechanism of action (target) for the following antibiotics: a. Penicillins (including semisynthetics) b. Cephalosporins c. Quinolones and Fluoroquinolones d. Bacitracin e. Vancomycin f. Carbapenems g. Tetracyclines h. Sulfonamides i. Polymyxin B j. Aminoglycosides k. Macrolides I. Chloramphenicol m. Oxazolidones n. Isoniazid o....
Antibiotic A: 0.5 kDa protein, targets peptidoglycan Antibiotic B: 20 kDa protein, targets peptidoglycan Antibiotic C:...
Antibiotic A: 0.5 kDa protein, targets peptidoglycan Antibiotic B: 20 kDa protein, targets peptidoglycan Antibiotic C: Cationic Antimicrobial Peptide (CAMP) Antibiotic D: Targets lipopolysaccharide With some more searching, you found the following results in your notebook. Percent Survival Percent Survival Antibiotic Antibiotic Control Control protoplast C. difficile protoplast Bacteria S. aureus E. coli V. cholera C. difficile S. aureus E. coli V. cholera Bacteria Percent Survival Percent Survival Antibiotic Antibiotic Control Control E.coli S. aureus Bacteria S. aureus E. colis...
1. Of these cellular targets of antimicrobials, drugs designed against which target are likely to have...
1. Of these cellular targets of antimicrobials, drugs designed against which target are likely to have the least selective toxicity? Ribosomes Cell membrane O Cell wall Nucleic acid synthesis 2. Which of these antimicrobials has the broadest spectrum of activity? Cephalosporin Polymyxitn Tetracycline 3. Your microbilome is most susceptible to changes when takinga s spectrum antimicrobial O selective O narrovw broad . Which microbial group is the easiest to selectively target with antimicrobials? Bacteria Viruses Fung Helminths 5. Based on...
Gram +ve Resistant Strains (%) 100 BOS Ribosome 90 50 Ribosome 80 Folate Pathway 70 DNA/RNA...
Gram +ve Resistant Strains (%) 100 BOS Ribosome 90 50 Ribosome 80 Folate Pathway 70 DNA/RNA Synthesis 60 Cell Wall Synthesis Fell Membrane Synercid Antibiotic (20 kg/ml) Apramycin Gentamicin Neomycin Streptomycin Tetracycline Minocycline Tigecycline Clindamycin Chloramphenicol Gram -ve 100 305 Ribosome 90 505 Ribosome Folate Pathway 70 DNA/RNA Synthesis Cell Wall Synthesis Resistant Strains (%) Antibiotic (20 wg/ml) Erythromycin Telithromycin Linezolid Sulfamethoxazole Apramycin Trimethoprim Gentamicin Ciprofloxacin Neomycin Novobiocin Streptomycin Rifampicin Tetracycline Vancomycin Meropenem Minocycline Cefotaxime Tigecycline Cephalexin Clindamycin Fosfomycin Chloramphenicol...
3. Which of these antibiotics would be classified as narrow-spectrum antibiotics? grampos sneg) 4. Which of...
3. Which of these antibiotics would be classified as narrow-spectrum antibiotics? grampos sneg) 4. Which of these antibiotics would be classified as broad-spectrum antibiotics? lics? (will kill both 5a. Ampicillin is a form of penicillin. If the zone of inhibition for a susceptible strain of E. coli is mm, and for a strain of S. aureus is 29 mm, which one is inhibited by the lower concentration or ampicillin? 5b. Would you need a higher dose of ampicillin to cure...
List and describe chemical agents used in control of Explain three ways how pathogenic microbes cause...
List and describe chemical agents used in control of Explain three ways how pathogenic microbes cause diseases in their hosts. What are the main stages in the course of infection and disease? Explain the main events and characteristics for each of these stages. Explain the role of reservoirs and vectors in maintenance and spreading of infectious agents. What is the difference between mechanical and biological vectors? What are carriers? Explain endemic and sporadic diseases. What are epidemic and pandemic diseases?...
3. What are two ways by which bacteria can overcome (or resist) the effects of antibiotics (i.e., what are 2 things bact...
3. What are two ways by which bacteria can overcome (or resist) the effects of antibiotics (i.e., what are 2 things bacteria can do to antibiotics so they do NOT work against bactertia)? Which form of DNA is most likely to contain genes that specify antibiotic resistance? 4. Some bacteria can stop the activation of complement. Suggest how this might be accomplished (ie- suggest 2 or 3 things bacteria might do to complement to stop or prevent complement activation). Describe...
Question 13 Microbes can become resistant to antibiotics and prevent the antibiotics from damaging them. Why? (Select all that apply) When bacteria reproduce, chance mutations that can protect the bacterium against a particular antibiotic occur. Bacteria reproduce very fast. The antibiotic changes the DNA of the bacterial cells. While most of the bacteria succumb to the antibiotic, the few that survive go on to reproduce and replicate the resistance. In any large population of bacteria, a few cells will be...
Chapter 12 Study Guide 1. What are the bacterial cell targets of the different antibiotics? 2. Define the following terms: a. Antibiotic resistance b. Antibiotic sensitivity c. Broad-spectrum antibiotic d. Narrow-spectrum antibiotic e. Semisynthetic antibiotic 3. Describe the mechanism of action (target) for the following antibiotics: a. Penicillins (including semisynthetics) b. Cephalosporins c. Quinolones and Fluoroquinolones d. Bacitracin e. Vancomycin f. Carbapenems g. Tetracyclines h. Sulfonamides i. Polymyxin B j. Aminoglycosides k. Macrolides I. Chloramphenicol m. Oxazolidones n. Isoniazid o....
Antibiotic A: 0.5 kDa protein, targets peptidoglycan Antibiotic B: 20 kDa protein, targets peptidoglycan Antibiotic C: Cationic Antimicrobial Peptide (CAMP) Antibiotic D: Targets lipopolysaccharide With some more searching, you found the following results in your notebook. Percent Survival Percent Survival Antibiotic Antibiotic Control Control protoplast C. difficile protoplast Bacteria S. aureus E. coli V. cholera C. difficile S. aureus E. coli V. cholera Bacteria Percent Survival Percent Survival Antibiotic Antibiotic Control Control E.coli S. aureus Bacteria S. aureus E. colis...
1. Of these cellular targets of antimicrobials, drugs designed against which target are likely to have the least selective toxicity? Ribosomes Cell membrane O Cell wall Nucleic acid synthesis 2. Which of these antimicrobials has the broadest spectrum of activity? Cephalosporin Polymyxitn Tetracycline 3. Your microbilome is most susceptible to changes when takinga s spectrum antimicrobial O selective O narrovw broad . Which microbial group is the easiest to selectively target with antimicrobials? Bacteria Viruses Fung Helminths 5. Based on...
Gram +ve Resistant Strains (%) 100 BOS Ribosome 90 50 Ribosome 80 Folate Pathway 70 DNA/RNA Synthesis 60 Cell Wall Synthesis Fell Membrane Synercid Antibiotic (20 kg/ml) Apramycin Gentamicin Neomycin Streptomycin Tetracycline Minocycline Tigecycline Clindamycin Chloramphenicol Gram -ve 100 305 Ribosome 90 505 Ribosome Folate Pathway 70 DNA/RNA Synthesis Cell Wall Synthesis Resistant Strains (%) Antibiotic (20 wg/ml) Erythromycin Telithromycin Linezolid Sulfamethoxazole Apramycin Trimethoprim Gentamicin Ciprofloxacin Neomycin Novobiocin Streptomycin Rifampicin Tetracycline Vancomycin Meropenem Minocycline Cefotaxime Tigecycline Cephalexin Clindamycin Fosfomycin Chloramphenicol...
3. Which of these antibiotics would be classified as narrow-spectrum antibiotics? grampos sneg) 4. Which of these antibiotics would be classified as broad-spectrum antibiotics? lics? (will kill both 5a. Ampicillin is a form of penicillin. If the zone of inhibition for a susceptible strain of E. coli is mm, and for a strain of S. aureus is 29 mm, which one is inhibited by the lower concentration or ampicillin? 5b. Would you need a higher dose of ampicillin to cure...
List and describe chemical agents used in control of Explain three ways how pathogenic microbes cause diseases in their hosts. What are the main stages in the course of infection and disease? Explain the main events and characteristics for each of these stages. Explain the role of reservoirs and vectors in maintenance and spreading of infectious agents. What is the difference between mechanical and biological vectors? What are carriers? Explain endemic and sporadic diseases. What are epidemic and pandemic diseases?...
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