Question

Now that you've explained it in your own words, swer the following questions 8. What are the two electron carrier molecules that feed electrons into the clectron transport system? 9. Using Figure 9.14 in your text, explain the overall concept of how ATP synthase uses the flow of hydrogen ions to produce ATP. 10. What is the role of the electron transport chain in forming the H gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane? 11. Oxygen stabilizes the electrons by combining with two hydrogen ions to form what compound? 12. Explain why oxygen is considered the ultimate electron acceptor. Now you should be able to explain to someone why animals and other organisms require oxygen. In other words, if they don't get oxygen, why they die. 13. Describe how carbon monoxide inhalation / poisoning kills animals and other organisms 14. Alcohol fermentation starts with glucose and yields ethanol. Explain this process, and be sure to describe how NAD is recycled. 15. Lactic acid fermentation starts with glucose and yields lactate. Explain this process, and be sure to describe how NAD is recycled. 16. Fermentation allows for the production of ATP without the use of

Answer 1

8. NADH and FADH2

9. ATP synthase acts as the molecule machinery that uses the potential energy stored in hydrogen ion gradient to add phosphate (Pi) to ADP to form ATP. As hydrogen ion can only pass through the membrane proteins ATP synthase.

10. The electron transport Chain accept electron from NADH and FADH2  which changes the conformation of selective permeable protein which results in uneven distribution of hydrogen ion across the membrane resulting in electrochemical gradient thus due this hydrogen gradient ATP synthase adds phosphate to ADP to form ATP

11. H2O(water)

12.oxygen is considered as the ultimate electron acceptor because oxygen is highly electronegative

13. Carbon monoxide can bind to hemoglobin, myoglobin and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase which restricts the oxygen supply and leads to brain lipid peroxidation.

14. Glucose is broken down to two pyruvate molecule by glycolysis. Pyruvate is converted to ethanol and CO​​​​​2 which is catalysed by two enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase. Alcohol dehydrogenase reduces acetaldehyde by reducing NADH to NAD+ .

15. Pyruvate is converted to lactate which is catalysed by lactate dehydrogenase by converting NADH to NAD+.

16. Oxygen