Question

PLEASE I WILL APPRECIATE THE ANSWER TO ALL THIS QUESTIONS.

1. Compare the difference between a point mutation and a frameshift mutation:

2. Describe the different between vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer:

3. What is conjugation? How can it contribute to antibiotic resistance in microorganisms?

4. What is a Healthcare-associated infection (HAI) or nosocomial infection? How is this different from an iatrogenic disease? How are these diseases contracted? Give examples of each type:

Answer 1

1-point mutation is change in single nucleotide base wheras frameshift mutation is chane in complete reading frame which is shifted forward or backward

2- vertical gene transfer is transfer from parents to offspring via reproduction . While horizontal transfer occur between organisum of same generation .

3- conjugation is transfer of genetiv material from one bacterium donar to other bacterium recepient via conjugation . During conjugation the plasmid dna replicate and copy it passes from donar to recepient cell probably along the sex pilus conjugation tube and can turn the resistance to particular drug into other.

4- nosocomial - crossinfetion acquired in hospital is called hospital associated infection - iatrogenic infection is defined as physician induced infection resulting from drug therapy through investigation procedure. Example nosocomial - common cold , iatrogenic - hepatitis B